Lagnachi kavita

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Vedic connection between toe ring and womb

India is a multi-cultural country, where there are countless customs, traditions of various religions. Especially in Hinduism, you’ll find several Holy Scriptures, defining and advising diverse rituals ranging from religious activities to day-to-day life, which is believed to bring good luck and prosperity in one’s life.

Hindu Shastras explain that right up from our choice of food, eating habits to clothing and company of people we live with, everything has a profound effect on our mind-brain and health.

Talking specifically about Indian women, in the name of rituals, they are laden with elaborate ornaments; some have ancient concepts while a few have scientific reasoning. For example, Tilak/Bindi is applied on the spot between brows on the forehead, as this is considered a major nerve point that holds the core energy of our body.

This point is the region of Adnya-chakra and thus applying a tilak signifies a subtle pressure to the point with facilitates balanced blood and energy supply to the facial muscles.

Today, I am going to specifically talk about one ornament, which has several notions attached to it and i.e. ‘ Bichiya’, a toe ring.

The most popular notion surrounding it is that the 2nd toe has a vein that is connected to the uterus and women wear a silver toe ring to strengthen their womb and regulate a healthy menstrual cycle.
In Indian culture, both Hindu and Muslim women have a religious custom to adorn silver ‘toe rings’ on both their feet. So much is its importance that there is a dedicated customary ceremony to celebrate it.

As per the understanding from the Vedic scripture, silver has a conductive power that attracts the polar energy from Earth and sends it right up to the womb. As we all are aware of the benefits of Silver for the human body, thus these tiny silver toe rings provide the subtle pressure on the vein, which regulates the blood flow up to the uterus and strengthens it.

This pressure also helps keep the blood pressure in control, eventually calming the person overall. It gradually helps in successful and speedy conception and healthy gestation cycle.

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Perfume market - Mumbai famous things to buy - crofit market in mumbai - things to buy in mumbai

I distinctly remember the scent of my grandmother. It was a strange smell, one mixed with the fragrance of her body and the raw crispness of her cotton sari. It was neither floral nor musky, but a comforting scent that filled the room with her presence. Years later, when I chance upon her vanity box, I discover an empty crystal bottle, with ‘oud’ written on it. A quick whiff confirms the potency of her secret fragrance - the attar.

The writer with Ahsan Hami, owner, A Hami Bros that stocks the popular oud attar that is stored in leather bottles
Derived from an Arabic word which means scent, attar or ittar is a non-alcoholic perfume, which includes natural flowers and herb extract. A revered possession in the Mughal era, it has a cultural heritage attached to it. It is believed that Noor Jehan, the wife of Prince Jehangir used attar in her bath. The acclaimed poet Ghalib too rubbed the ‘famous’ hina attar on himself before he met his love at night. Even in Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, the traditional smell of the attar in flowery scents of mogra and champa was mostly used during rituals.

Mannan Attarwala, Al-Madina owner, amidst traditional attars and modern perfumes
Apart from being intrigued by its trivia and history, I wanted to revive the memory of my dadi’s scent, and find a fragrance that didn’t dim with the passage of time. My search led me to Mohammad Ali Road - the famous lane that is dotted by attar manufacturers and suppliers. The attar gully is a small bylane following the bright green Zakaria masjid. Once there, your nose guides you to the several different makeshift as well as large shops that pride themselves in selling the ‘No 1 attar.’
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Following the maze, I enter the first shop I see - Al-Madina Perfumes, a small shop that is decorated with colourful and exotic bottles of attar. The owner, Mannan Attarwala has been selling attar since 12 years. According to my research, I ask for the most popular oud attar. He smiles and asks, “Are you sure you want oud?” I nod. Seconds later, he rubs a dime-sized amount of a green-black coloured oil on my hand.
The first whiff is too strong for my liking; it has a very intense woody odour rather than the refreshing scent that I had imagined. “It is derived from agarwood that is grown in Assam. Everyone may not like its fragrance. It is very strong at first, but its true scent emanates once it is accustomed to your body temperature,” he explains.

A mirror-work inspired bottle of attar. Pics/Madeeha Attari
He shows me modern perfumes like Blue Water, Sportiff even Romeo which are chemically made by copying the popular foreign scents that are made abroad. Attarwala admits, “People no longer come for the traditional attars as they are too strong and very costly.
Everyone now wants a sweet smell that fades off quickly and can double as a deodorant. Traditional attars are not for such fast-use. They sometimes even define the personality of an individual.” Still wanting to try my hand at the traditional attars, I ask him for a fresh smell that doesn’t cloy my nose. He gives me a bottle of Jannat-ul-firdous or Garden of Heaven, a wild musky fragrance scent that is believed to made for heaven. He adds, “Jannat –ul-firdous is the most popular scent among the masses because it is refreshing and can be used by both men and women.”
My next foray is into a big attar showroom called A Hami Bros, which I am informed, is the best stop for some authentic and traditional attar fragrances. Looking around I notice some new varieties - both traditional and modern. My eyes veer towards a giant green coloured crystal bottle. “That is Khus. It is made from the root of the vetiver or khus and is derived from the tree that is mostly grown in Bharatpur, Rajasthan,” says Ahsan Hami, the owner of A Hami Bros, who has done a course in Perfumery Technology, UDTC College, Mumbai.
In the next couple of minutes, I am doused in various scents of the famous Ruh-e-gulab, Jasmine, Mogra and funny sounding synthetic attars such as Blue water, Passion and Silsila. When I ask him to show me some other pure attars he answers with a grin,“Nothing is pure; it is all natural. Every scent goes through a distillation process and the water of it is slowly condensed and collected in a jar. As it is not as effective on it’s own, we mix an essential oil such as sandalwood or lemongrass to dissolve it in the solvent.”
Hami also informs me that though the pure attar manufacturing is now a dying art, patrons including celebrities, industrialists and businessmen still come for the traditional oud, or a Khus attar even when one tola (approximately 10 ml) can cost you anywhere between Rs 40,000 to Rs 1,00,000 depending on its maturity. He asserts, “It depends on the scent that a person gets accustomed to. People don’t mind buying the most costly perfume if they swear by it. But, honestly, such people are very few. It’s more of the liking that a person has towards a scent which is very subjective.”
My journey to trace the long-established attar takes me to my last stop, Ajmal Perfumers, where Aftab Ghaniwala, manager, promotion and exhibition, speaks extensively about the war between natural and synthetic perfumes. “Rather than the composition, the saleability factor matters. Both chemically based as well as natural ones are equally famous. We have a person who comes for oud as well as a Tempest (Sweet vanilla based fragrance). It is subjective and depends on a person’s taste.” He also cleared the confusion about the mitti fragrance that I thought was pure. “It is not pure, we mix in chemicals that produce the same smell as the fragrance of the earth after the first rain showers. It is humanly impossible to collect such an authentic smell through distillation,” he affirms.
In the end, covered in a cloud of varied fragrances, I am positive that there is nothing like a ‘perfect’ scent. Each one matures with time and has it’s own sweet memory. As for the oud attar that my dadi used, well, that scent will always remain a mystery!
Popular summer attars
Some of the summer fragrances are also used in aromatherapy
1. Khus
2.Jannat-ul-firdous
3.Ruh-e- gulab
4.Mogra
5. Mitti Attar
Heavier attars
Heavier attars are mostly worn during the night and also have healing and medicinal properties
1. Shamama
2. Hina
3. Oud
4.Majmua
5. Sultan


The traditional art of making herbal ittar(fragrance) is gradually getting replaced with chemical-based, not so labour-intensive perfume industry, finds out.

Image: Mukarram Ansari who owns an ittar shop at Bhendi Bazaar sells around 500 types of fragrances.
Amid the hustle and bustle of Bhendi Bazaar, you can never miss an old-fashioned charm that still prevails here - a busy south Mumbai junction.  You also can't miss the traditional businesses that are run by the third or perhaps the fourth generations today.

Be it the masala, plastic or cloth market, all have been flourishing in the vicinity for not less than 5 decades or may be even more.

One such business is that of ittar (fragrance) which has certainly evolved with times, say the ittarwalas (perfumers).



Image: Ittar is a type of natural perfume extracted from flowers, herbs, spices and barks. Photograph: Reuben NV/Rediff.com
A few shopkeepers with whom Rediff.com spoke to, shared amazing information about this unique business which they have inherited from their ancestors - one of the oldest businesses which has thankfully not died down.

Apart from Bhendi Bazaar, wholesale shops are also at Dawa Bazaar near Princess Street, Chakala and Ittar Galli, all in the vicinity.

But the most prominent and the oldest ittar market is situated at Bhendi Bazaar.

These together do business of around Rs 8,000 crore or Rs 80 billion(40 per cent domestic and 60 per cent exports, mostly to the Gulf region) according to rough estimates provided by the dealers association.


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Mukarram Ansari from France & Co tells Rediff.com, “Ours is a 40 year old shop and we have a 50-staff strong distillery in Kannauj, Uttar Pradesh where different kinds of ittars are made and then brought to the city for retail sales.”  Kannauj was and is still the ittar capital of India, he tom-toms.



Image: A busy street at Bhendi Bazaar that houses the oldest ittar market in Mumbai. Image: Reuben NV/Rediff.com
Mukarram further says, when his grandfather Badru Zaman Ansari was alive things were different. Desi ittar was the flavour throughout.

But since the past 15-20 years customer preferences gradually started changing and most are are now keen on foreign brands like Burberry, Azzaro Loris, Escada and Lomani.

Not to be left behind by competition, ittarwalas also started experimenting with chemicals which are imported from France.

Mukarram rues that during his grandfather’s time, ittar was chemical free, but today chemical is the most important ingredient in the entire process of making the fragrance.

In ancient times, dabbing ittar was a luxury that was enjoyed by the royal family of Kannauj alone, today the art of ittar making has become a mainstay in the region.



Images: In olden days ittar was made from herbal extracts which is gradually getting replaced with chemical-based perfumes. Photograph: Reuben NV/Rediff.com
Prepared with the essence extracted from Aquilaria (Agar) tree, Oudh ittar was the most exotic fragrance.

Considered as one of the most expensive perfumes in the world, Oudh costs anything between Rs 1,000 and Rs 20,000 for a 10 gm bottle.

Agarwood chips available is Assam cost anything between Rs 40,000 and Rs 50,000 (for every 100 gm) out of which only a tiny amount of Oudh fragrance can be extracted.



Image: String of perfume shops across the Bhendi Bazar junction do brisk business throughout the year. Photograph: Reuben NV/Rediff.com
Beside Oudh, few other traditional ittars are available in both the domestic and overseas markets.

Shamama, Khush, Mogra, Genda, Zafran, Rose and Janat-ul- Firdaus all have a rich heritage and are of premium quality, though they cost around 40 per cent less than Oudh.

These are also made from the extract of botanical ingredients sourced from different parts of the country.

As I come out of France & Co, I met an elderly gentleman dressed in kurta-pyjama and a skull cap.

Sitting on a plastic chair adjacent to his stall lined with small bottles of ittars and mehendi, he was attending a customer.



Image: France &Co is one of the oldest ittar shops in Mumbai. Photograph: Reuben NV/Rediff.com
Though he looked little stern, was very approachable and gave me an interesting low down on how ittar actually came into existence.

“Aajkal milavat ka zamana hai. Pehle waali baat kaha,” (Today it is rare to get original stuff, most fragrances sold in the markets are chemical based) he  says.

Bade Miyan as people on the street fondly call him is disgruntled with the choices people make while buying ittar these days.

There are around 500 varieties of ittar available in the market today varying from Hugo Boss, Charlie, Calvin Klein, Cigar, El Paso and Red Door  -- yes you have read it correctly, these foreign brands also have ittar avatars, which are actually copies of the original perfumes.

These 'copies', 10-gm bottles of which cost around Rs 100-120, sell like hot cakes and are made from aromatic chemicals, essentials and natural oil.



Image: A 10 gm bottle of chemical-based ittar costs anything between Rs 100-120. Photograph: Reuben NV/Rediff.com
In spite of stiff competition there is a market for both pure fragrance and the ones that are chemical-based. Unfortunately, clientele for pure fragrrance is shrinking by the day.

Bade Miyan is a dejected man today. Fifteen years back, he said, there were close to 600 distillaries in Kannauj.

Today the number has shrunk to a mere 150-200.

“Due to the flourishing business of chemical-based perfumes, the demand for herbal or desi ittar is dying down and hence even distillaries are gradually shutting down,” he laments.

Also, the high cost of production and increasing popularity of chemical alternatives which are cheaper and not at all labour intensive are killing the industry.

Bade Miyan is least interested in what sells today but is very enthused about sharing the rich history behind the very existence of ittars.



Image: The very existence of ittar is as old as civilisation. Photograph: Courtesy, Keriya Nin/Creative Commons
We still don’t know whether the art of making fragrances is as old as civilisation or it became prominent in the mughal era ,” he says.

He tries to explain the process by which various types of fragrances are extracted.

“The aroma bearing substances like sandal,  saffron, Kewra and rose are put in a deg ( copper utensil) along with water and is processed via the bhapka (steam) system.

After heating it for around ten hours, the desired quantity of vapours are condensed through a pipe in a separate vessel.

After a while, water is separated from the extract which is filled in bottles, and the famous ittar is born.



Image: Ancient herbal-based ittars still have a demand in the Gulf region. Photograph: Reuben NV/Rediff.com
Another shop in the same lane called Sana Perfumes has a slightly modern look.

22 year old Anwar Azam Khan is not so easy to talk to but does not mind giving few details about his business.

He has a few customers in his shop as it is the peak hour. Anwar says, traditional ittars are still in flavour and has a global market, though not so big.

He is not bothered about the dying culture of traditional ittars, as he believes in moving with the times.



Image: Mohd Sarfaraz owner of Arabian Perfumes says, he constantly innovates to keep pace with the demands of the modern day customer. Photograph: Reuben NV/Rediff.com
Anwar says, he bought this shop seven years ago from someone who was also selling ittars since two generations.

“There is a challenge to constantly innovate as per demand,” says Anwar who believes its okay to produce chemical based fragrances which are in demand these days.

These perfumers don't mind sharing minutest of details about their business but are somehow tight-lipped about their sales, which, according to rough estimates, is around at least Rs 25,000 each day per shop.

Mohammed Sarfaraz, owner of Arabian Perfumes said ittars have permanent shelf life and the ones made from original herb extracts smell better as they get old.

Also natural perfume is understood to attract angels and to ward off evil spirits, he adds.

The art of blending perfumes is perfected with each generation, he pointed out.

They certainly boast of a nose for fragrances!

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Modi sarkar’s Rs 51k wedding bounty for graduate Muslim women

To encourage the pursuit of higher education among Muslim women, those who obtain graduate degrees will soon be given a wedding gift of Rs 51,000 by the Modi government. The scheme has been christened Shaadi Shagun, to start with.
A website is currently being put up by Maulana Azad Educational Foundation where all details of the scheme would be made available. The Shaadi Shagun amount will be made available only to those graduate Muslim girls who have already received MAEF scholarships earlier.

Maulana Azad Educational Foundation, which works under the National Commission for Minorities, has decided to take this step to encourage Muslim women to opt for higher studies. MAEF says this scheme is tailored only for Muslim women and their guardians to egg them on to complete their studies at the college or university level.

Recently the MAEF, headed by minorities welfare minister Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi, held a meeting during which important decisions were taken vis-a-vis scholarships offered to Muslim women. Besides, it was also decided that a sum of Rs 10,000 would be awarded to Muslim girls studying in Classes IX and X. Up to now, only (Muslim) girls studying in Classes XI and XII were eligible to receive a scholarship of Rs 12,000 each.

MAEF treasurer Shakir Hussain Ansari said, "Girl children in a large part of Muslim society are deprived of higher education even today, often due to financial constraints. We mean to encourage girls and their parents and guardians to ensure that the students complete their graduation. Hence, we've decided on the Rs 51,000 wedding gift." He also said, "Though this isn't a large amount, we do believe it would be firm step forward in encouraging higher education among Muslim women."
Attributing the welfare scheme to Nakhvi 'under the able leadership of Prime Minister Modi', Ansari said this shows how PM Modi has indeed walked the talk vis-a-vis his slogan 'Sabka Saath Sabka Vikaas'.

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