You will get more images of Shivaji Here
The Image shown below is of Shivaji Maharaj which was made sitting in
front of Shivaji and is currently kept in Moscow Museum .
Original and rare real photo of Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
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| Shri Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Original Photo from Moscow Museum |
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| Chhatrapati Shivaji (Sangrahalaya Museum) |
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| Original and rare real photo of Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj |
Artwork Of Shivaji's Seating Place
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Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's sword that adorns the Shivrajeshwar temple in Sindhudurg Fort has got a new lease of life as the erstwhile royal family of Kolhapur has restored and repaired it. The royal family also gifted a replica of another sword of Chhatrapati Shivaji — the Jagdamba sword — to the temple on Monday for daily worship.
The original Jagdamba sword is in the Royal Collection Trust in London.
The scion of Kolhapur's royal family, Sambhajiraje, on Monday handed over the royal dresses to the temple on Monday as per tradition. At the same function, the repaired and restored real sword was placed in the temple in a glass case.
The royal family in Kolhapur descends from Chhatrapati Shivaji as the state of Kolhapur was founded by Shivaji's daughter-in-law Tararani, wife of Rajaram Maharaj, in 1710.
Sindhudurg Fort, located on an island in the Arabian Sea near Malwan town, was built by Shivaji between 1664 and 1667. The fort has the Shivrajeshwar temple constructed by Shivaji's son, Rajaram Maharaj, in Shivaji's memory.
The temple has Shivaji's idol, a gold crown weighing 1.5 kg and the sword used by him. The temple's traditional caretaker families authorised Sambhajiraje to repair and restore the sword.
Last week, an expert team led by the historian Indrajeet Sawant restored and polished the sword at the temple. "The sword was deteriorating due to rust. The restoration has been done in a scientific manner," Sambhajiraje told.
The sword has now been kept in an airtight wood-and-glass case. "There is a tradition of daily worship of the sword, which is also a reason for the damage to the sword. So a replica of Shivaji's famous Jagdamba sword has been given to the temple for daily worship," Sambhajiraje said.
According to Sawant, "The gold tread and carvings were noticed only after removing the rust. It has typical Shivaji period symbols like peacock, eagle and Hanuman."
Historian Grad Duff, in his work History of Marathas, has referred to Shivaji's sword kept in the Sindhudurg temple, which is believed to have been used by him in wars. The sword's original wooden scabbard is also in the temple.
Sambhajiraje, also a Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) leader, said there is a need for a separate government body for undertaking the restoration and maintenance of forts and antiques, apart from the Archaeological Survey of India.
The legendary social reformer and erstwhile ruler of the Kolhapur princely state, Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj, in 1906 undertook massive restoration of this temple, and had constructed the hall in front of the temple in 1913.
In the temple, one can see the royal dresses gifted by Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj.
Photo Caption: Sambhajiraje places a replica of the Jagdamba sword in Shivrajeshwar temple on Monday. The glass case now contains the repaired original sword of Chhatrapati Shivaji in the same temple.
The biography of Shivaji Maharaj has an answer for any problem faced by a Hindu or Indian politicians; however for this purpose the biography should be read with shrewdness and insight. If read by Hindus with the immoderate vision of Gandhi with respect to non-violence, truth, pleasing Muslims, or through the coloured spectacles of Nehru, who with the concept of 'all religions are equal', meted out inferior treatment to Hindus, then Hindus will not even become aware of when they were circumscribed ! Gandhi, Nehru and their descendants had created terror in the minds of the people about what they would have to suffer if they even uttered the name of Shivaji Maharaj. In fact Shivaji Maharaj has been totally eliminated from the history text books at the Secondary school level. History on Shivaji Maharaj is taught and finished in the 3rd or 4th standards as if they are fairy tales for children to read and forget. Politicians have ensured that the youth and adults do not get any inspiration from the biography of Shivaji Maharaj simply because it is an ever flowing spring of inspiration for Hindus ! This article is a small effort made to get a sip of water from this pure spring on the occasion of the birth anniversary of Shivaji Maharaj tomorrow ! - Compiler: Shri. Sanjay Mulye, Ratnagiri
Shivaji Maharaj’s inspiration to protect Hinduism !
Since childhood Shivaji Maharaj was fully aware that he had to fight the Mughals. In his book 'Chatrapati Shivaji Maharajanche Saptaprakaranatmak Charitra’ Malhar Ramrav Chitnis has described the mindset of Prince Shivaji when living with his father Shahajiraje at Vijapur. He pens Prince Shivaji’s thoughts as, “ We are Hindus. These Yavans (Muslims) are inferior to us. There is none more inferior than them. I am distressed by serving them, eating food served by them, flattering them or even greeting them. It is so wrong to see the ridicule of one’s own religion. As we walk down the road we see cows being slaughtered. At that time I feel like beheading the killers and the distress grows even more. What is the use of living to see a cow being tormented ? I am compelled to remain silent because of being reprimanded by my father otherwise I feel like killing the one indulging in cow slaughter. It is not at all good to be in the company of Muslims. So also it is inappropriate to go to the court (darbar) of the emperor or to visit any wealthy man.” As soon as he returned from the Vijapur court he would bathe and change his clothing. It is at this very age that young Prince Shivaji showed his valorous nature by chopping off the hand of a butcher who was dragging a cow for slaughter in another kingdom !
Inspiration endowed by Chatrapati Shivaji is very clear from the above incidents. The biographer has strengthened this further in the following words of Shivaji Maharaj, “ We are Hindus. The entire southern region has been invaded by the Muslims and our religion is going downhill. Hence one should not hesitate to sacrifice even one’s life to protect religion. By doing so one would add to one’s treasure of valorous deeds”. Soon thereafter by taking the vow of Raieshvari and conquering the `Torana’ fort Shivaji Maharaj revealed his nature to the world.
Talk about Muslims in Shivaji’s army and their valorous deeds!
Today people are talking of the concept of `equality of religions’ in society. The Congress party is trying to depict him as non-communal and secular. Nowadays some Hindu protagonists are trying to drag Shivaji Maharaj into the camp of secularism by making statements such as `there were Muslim soldiers in his army’. Really these are pearls of wisdom by these so-called ardent (hypocritical) lovers of Hinduism!
In this context the author of the book 'Marathi Riyasati' and a great historian, Sardessai writes, 'Towards 1649, 500-700 Pathans from Vijapur came to Shivaji Maharaj in search of jobs. Though he did not approve of employing them, he listened to the counsel of Gomaji Naik Pansabal who advised that `these people have come after hearing about your popularity so please do not disappoint them. If you remain adamant that you will employ only Hindus and that you do not need others then you will not be able to establish a kingdom. So include all eighteen communities of all four varna (classes) of society and allow them to carry out their own duties". So he employed the servitors of Radho Ballal Korde. However the current Hindu protagonists are ignorant about the facts in this context and about how the monarch also ensured that there were spies to keep watch on those Muslim soldiers !
If these 500- 700 soldiers made any attempt to divide the army then as was prevalent in those days he would also not hesitate to punish them (by throwing them over the cliff). It was not like today when a perpetrator of a heinous crime against the Indian Parliament, instead of being hanged, goes scot free simply because he is a Muslim !
In this context a historian researcher Mr. Ninad Bedekar says, 'A new idea that Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had 'several' Muslims in his army is being projected. I will quote a few names. You can give me the rest !' When Prince Shivaji came to the Jagirs of Pune, Indore and Supe, of the representatives of Shahajiraje only three were Muslims, namely Siddi Ambar Bagdadi, Jainkhan Peerzade and Bahalimkhan. Another Muslim associated with Shivaji Maharaj was Nurkhan Beg, the chief of his infantry. But the truth is that later at some juncture all these people were driven off because no mention of their names is made anywhere in the historical annals. After the year 1675 these people were nowhere in the picture.
The British army also employed Indians as soldiers. Afzal Khan who attacked Shivaji Maharaj employed 3000 Maulas in his army, but can we call him secular ? Why then is this cord of secularism wound tightly (like an iguana) only around the necks of Hindus? Claiming that Shivaji Maharaj was secular simply because he had a few Muslim soldiers in his army is an indicator of an over liberal intellect.
Promotion of Sanskrut in honour of Hinduism!
In the fight for independence and establishing his own kingdom, in every aspect Shivaji Maharaj did everything possible to promote Hinduism. His assembly of eight ministers was formed based on Hindu ideals. One comes across this concept of eight ministers in the Ramayan and the Mahabharat. King Dashrath too had eight ministers. In the Shantiparva of the Mahabharat also it has been suggested that an exchange of thoughts of eight ministers is necessary. During the coronation ceremony, Maharaj changed the Persian names of the ministers to Sanskrut as follows–
Thinking of Sanskrut names to rename various ministers or forts was a hobby of this great king. In September 1665, that is around the time of Dasra before leaving on a journey he named all the forts from his kingdom. Malhar Ramrav Chitnis in the biography of the monarch, 'Chatrapati Shivaji Maharajanche Saptaprakaranatmak Charitra' has spoken about the forts saying, "At each place after place Maharaj would build a new fort to frighten the enemy. Varugad, Bhushangad, Mahimagad, Vardhangad, Sadashivgad, Macchindragad are some of them". In the book 'Marathyancha Itihas' it is said, "Shivaji Maharaj loved Sanskrut. There are several instances to testify this. He changed the names of forts to Raigad, Vishalgad, Suvarnagad, Vijaydurg, Prachandgad and Pandavgad."”
Consequences of not receiving inspiration from the biography of Shivaji Maharaj
Lokmanya Tilak was the first to start the celebration of the birth anniversary of Shivaji Maharaj. He was followed by Svantrya Veer Savarkar in 1908 in London. Both these leaders were fully aware of the importance of this biography, but Gandhi and Nehru both kept strict vigilance over this text ever since the independence of India. This is how the fact that a handful of Muslims invaded and destroyed Hindu kingdoms and gained control over the Hindu empire is not known to most Hindus after 1920.
In fact it is because of this misguidance that they accepted the division of India without offering any resistance to it. Non-acceptance of this biography which would have inspired Indians has resulted in the return of Muslim powers in the form of Pakistan and Bangladesh, to overpower Hindus. It is because the incidents of Shivaji Maharaj tearing open Afzal Khan's abdomen and chopping off Sahishtekhan's fingers being kept secret that today we so easily allow a compromise by releasing hard core terrorists in return for release of the kidnapped daughter of an Indian Muslim Minister, Mufti Mohammed.
India's External Affairs Minister flies to the Kandahar desert in a special plane only to release criminals who have butchered Hindus ! In Kashmir Bitta Karate who beheaded 16 Hindus is released on parole ! In the 13 days after killing Afzal Khan, Shivaji Maharaj conquered 16 forts and in contrast within a year of India becoming independent, our politicians lost 1/3rd of our motherland in Kashmir to enemies ! Fearing Shivaji's valour, as long as he was alive, Aurangzeb did not dare to even talk about conquering South India. Yet today the cunning, crafty Musharraf arrives in India to disrupt an Agra conference or dares to hang the Indian tricolour upside down on his personal aircraft.
His subjects being fully aware of the struggle between Righteousness and unrighteousness!
Just as Maharaj was fully aware that he had to fight the Mughals so also were his subjects. The situation was such that people were worried as to whether their Maharaj would return alive from the Agra jail. Despite that, the leaders of home rule (svarajya) and the Maulas did not get unnerved and as per the plan of Shivaji Maharaj they protected his kingdom and ruled it in his absence.
The Maulas were prepared to sacrifice even auspicious events in their families and were willing to face the jaws of death. Sinhagad, Pavankhind, Agra,... how many more forts does one need to quote ? In this struggle between Righteousness and unrighteousness many parents lost their sons and several women were widowed. They were all fully aware of why they were fighting the Mughals. Rather than wishing that their husbands stay at home, these women supported them in their mission against the Mughals. They clearly choose widowhood, rather than wishing their husbands remain passive but safe as this would have only kept their marital status intact superficially as the women folk would have been raped by the Mughal sardars.
Compare this noble attitude of theirs to the tantrums thrown by the relatives of victims of the plane hijacked by terrorists to Kandahar. Both the central government and the majority of people of India seem to forget whom they are fighting this battle against. The entire country is testimony to this.
The politicians of today and most of the people are still unaware of why we drove the British out of India. Our revolutionary Indian heroes have not shed blood in vain. If only we were to understand this then we would not have played cricket matches with Pakistan which is all set to wipe out Hindus in Kashmir, the land of Sage Kashyap. We would also not have given refuge to Bangladeshi infiltrators and would have driven off the Chinese ambassadors who have tried to stake a claim on Arunachal Pradesh. All this is a consequence of not being inspired by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj to fight for independence and home rule !
Beautiful flowers blossom from the creeper of Bharatiya Rajdharma!
When describing Shivaji Maharaj his admirer Mr. M.S. Vabgaonkar writes, "Shivaji is a radiant flower which has blossomed from the Bharatiya creeper of Rajdharma. The great promoter of Bharatiya Rajdharma, Kautilya in His holy text the Arthashastra, has imagined an ideal king and two thousand years later this king has taken birth in the form of Shivaji. The king described by Kautilya was one who emphasised on spying, who took full responsibility for procuring all the benefits of an attack onto himself, who was disinterested in worldly and sexual pleasures and was well versed in law and religion besides having an unblemished character and punishing subjects only when required. Even this has proved right as per Kautilya's description in case of Shivaji.
After 1920 the creeper of Bharatiya Rajdharma was nurtured with the harmful manure of 'equality of all religions', pleasing Muslims, etc. and thus from it sprang a number of poisonous flowers in the form of Mohandas-Jawaharlal or Manmohan-Soniya. To stop the blossoming of such vicious flowers, the Bharatiya Rajdharma creeper must be punished with the support of the Sanatan Vedic religion and then watered with pure water from the Ganga in the form of the biography of Shivaji Maharaj ! When this happens, then from every leaf of the creeper will spring beautiful flowers like Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. Only then will this creeper reach the skies !
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Here is an article on "The Marathas - who kindled the flame of Indian
Independence" 300 years back.
This article runs into the following sections:
- The Origins ofthe Marathas
- Maratha-Muslim Clash
- Shivaji Maharaj - the Saint Soldier Visionary
This article is being posted without bais towards any community. The aim is
to understand history factually so that we can build a better human society
in the future.
ORIGINS OF THE MARATHAS
The Marathas are a proud and hardy race who are a sub-set of the wider Hindu
community. They are first mentioned in Indian history as the stout fighters in
the army of the Chalukya King Pulikeshin who resisted the Southward march of
Emperor Harsha in the 7th century C.E. The Maratha dynasties of the ancient
(pre-Muslim) period are the Chalukyas (500 C.E. to 750C.E.), the Rastrakutas
(750 C.E. to 978 C.E. and the Yadavas or Jadhavs (1175 C.E. to 1318 C.E.).
MARATHA-MUSLIM CLASH
The Marathas were the first who crossed the Muslim General Malik Kafur's
path, when he invaded the deccan in 1314 C.E. Malik Kafur was invading South
India on behlaf of the Sultan of Delhi - Allah-ud-din Khilji. The Marathas
were then led by the last scion of the Yadava dynasty - Ramdev Rai Yadava who
ruled from Devagiri (today's Dautalatabad). In their first clash with the
Muslims; the Marathas lost to the invaders and accepted the status of being
vassals and mercenaries of their Muslim overlords.
The Marathas before Shivaji were Mercenaries and revenue Collectors for the
Muslim Rulers
In keeping with the feudal tradition, the Maratha Saradrs (Generals), before
Shivaji kept shifting their loyalties from one Muslim ruler to another. And
there were many Muslim rulers like the Adilshahis at Bijapur, the Nizamshahis
at Ahmednagar (Berar), the Qutubshahis at Golkonda (Hyderabad), etc.
Shahji Bhosale, who was Shivaji's father typified this practice of shifting
loyalties from one Muslim overlord to another. He was from time-to-time in
the service of the Mughals, the Adilshahis and the Nizamshahis. The thought
of establishing an independent Maratha-Hindu kingdom, does seem to have
crossed his mind, but he never really got about to doing it successfully. The
germ of this idea however seems to have got rubbed into Shivaji - his son by
Jijabai.
Shivaji Maharaj - the Visionary Saint-Soldier
Shivaji was born in the year 1627 at the Fort of Shivneri in Maharashtra in
Western India. Shivaji's mother, Jijabai was a direct descendant of the
erstwhile Yadav royal family of Devagiri. She seems to have nursed deep within
her mind the idea of recovering independence from Muslim rule which her Yadav
forebears had lost in the year1318. Shivaji grew up with these ideas embedded
into him. His childhood stories are those of playing games in which he and his
friends attacked and
captured forts held by the enemy.
The Oath of Independence - at Raireshwar
When Shivaji was seventeen, he decided to transform what were till then
simply games to a reality. He and his friends encouraged by Jijabai and his
Guru Dadoji Kondeo; decided to take a formal oath to free the country from
the shackles of Muslim tyranny. This was done in the year 1645 in a dark
cavern housing a small temple to the Hindu God Shiva (locally called
Raireshwar). Here Shivaji and his select band of teenaged Maratha friends
slit their thumbs and poured the blood oozing from it on the Shiva-linga
(Phallus representing the Lord Shiva). By this act they declared a blood-feud
against Mughal tryanny. This was the beginning of a long and arduous
Maratha-Mughal struggle that went on for the next century and a half to
culminate in the defeat of the Mughals and their replacement by the Marathas
as the dominant power in India when the British came into the scene.
Shivaji's encounter with Afzal Khan
When Shivaji started his military career by capturing the fortress of
Kondana, it sent shockwaves in the Adilshshi court at Bijapur. Here was a
local Hindu chieftain, daring to challenge the might of a Muslim ruler. The
retribution was swift and Adil Shah sent in his most fearsome general named
Afzal Khan to bring back Shivaji dead or alive to Bijapur. Afzal Khan who was
reputed to be more than six feet tall and of a real massive built, set on his
mission and in order to lure Shivaji down into the plains, he destroyed the
Hindu temples at Tuljapur, Pandharpur and Shikhar Shenganapur.
Afzal Goes Up to Pratapgad
This ploy failed to work and Shivaji stuck to his Hill fastness in the
Sahyadris. Shivaji even sent a letter to Afzal Khan praising the legendary
strength of Afzal Khan's powerful arms and his reputed fearlessness. Shivaji
addressed him as his uncle and said that he was afraid to come down to meet
Afzal Khan. Shivaji asked him to come up into the hills to meet him and on
condition that Afzal Khan came with not more than few select soldiers. The
proud Khan felt that he Dekkhan-Ka-Chuha (Rat of the Deccan as the Muslims
scornfully addressed Shvaji) had really chickened out.
Afzal Meets his Nemesis in Shivaji
Khan-Saheb agreed to go up the hills at Pratapgad to meet his nemesis. When
the meeting took place, Afzal Khan embraced Shivaji and with his diminutive
enemy (Shivaji was less than five feet in height) in his grip Afzal tried to
throttle him. The wily Maratha was more than prepared for this as he had come
down with full armour that was hidden in his thick satin robes. Shivaji also
had with him Wagh Nakh - a sharp weapon resembling tiger claws that could be
hidden in the grip of one's fist. In addition, he had the Bichhwa - curved
dagger hidden in the pocket of his waistcoat.
Jiwa Mahalaya
On sensing that the Khan meant to throttle him, Shivaji pierced the tiger
claws deep into Khan's belly and pulled out his intestines. After which
Shivaji repeatedly stabbed him with the bichhwa. The Khan bellowed "Daga"
"Daga" and yelled for Syed Banda, his bodyguard to come to his rescue. When
Syed Banda, also a burly Muslim was about to strike Shivaji with his sword,
Shivaji's bodyguard Jiva Mahalya struck off Banda's upraised arm in the air
itself.
Santaji Kawji
After this commotion, the bleeding Khan tried to make good his escape and
rushed into his palanquin. As the palanquin bearers set off with the fleeing
Khan, Santaji Kawji, another of Shivaji's select warriors cut-off the feet of
the bearers and Khans' palanquin, with its load of Khansaab fell to the
ground. Santaji Kawji, then finished off the task of sending Khan to his
final resting place. Khan's army which was waiting in the valley was
ruthlessly massacred by the Marathas who were hiding behind every crevice and
bush in the densely wooded jungles around the Pratapgad fort. At the place
where this encounter took place on 10th November 1659 between Shivaji Maharaj
and the Khan, there stands today a Kabar (grave) erected by Shivaji for the
departed Khan's soul to rest in peace.
Bijapur Stymied
The result of this dramatic encounter was that the Bijapur ruler panicked and
after that never posed a serious threat to the growing Maratha power. The
next Muslim power which Shivaji turned to was that of the Mughals. Here was
the real challenge for Shivaji. The Bijapur rulers were a provincial power,
while the Mughals were an power of imperial dimensions whose writ ran almost
all over Northern India.
Encounter with Shaista Khan - Aurangzeb's Uncle
The next Khan to come down 'literally' before Shivaji was Shaista Khan. On
hearing Shivaji's depredations, Aurangzeb was furious and wanted to
desperately crush this infidel upstart. He sent his uncle maternal Shaista
Khan with a large and powerful army to checkmate Shivaji. But even this time
the wily Maratha proved that brain was stronger than the brawn.
Shaista Khan came into Maharashtra and started devstating towns, villages
fields, temples, forts and everything that came in his path.
Shaista Establishes his Harem in Shivaji's Devghar (Prayer Room)
To provoke Shivaji, Shaista Khan established his camp in Shivaji's home in
Pune called Lal-Mahal. And to top it up, he put up his Harem in Shivaji's
Devghar (prayer room).
Shaista is Lucky - He Only Loses His Fingers
Shivaji bided his time for many months and one on fine day (night), he with a
select band of Maratha Samurais, sneaked into Pune and into the Lal-Mahal. He
tracked down the sleeping Khan to his bed. The Khan sensing that his time was
up tried jumping out of the window. At that point Shivaji cutt off the Khan's
fingers with which he was holding on to the window sill.
On the Khan's wife's pleading before Shivaji to spare her husband's life as
she considered Shivaji to be her brother. And so killing her husband would
mean making her a widow, Shivaji spared the Khan's life. This was a mistake
for which Shivaji was to pay dearly later. Shivaji made good his escape from
the Khan's lair, but not before the treacherous Khan ordered his troops to
give chase and try to capture the fleeing Shivaji.
Shaista's Retreat from Maharashtra
The Khan however, decided that enough was enough and returned to Delhi -
without his fingers.This ahppened in April 1663
The failure of his uncle peeved Aurang to no end and he now sent another
general to subjugate Shivaji. This was Mirza Raja Jai Singh, Auranzeb's Hindu
general who was also the scion of the house of the Suryavanshi Kachhawaha's
who we saw earlier had ingratiated themselves to the Mughal rulers by giving
away their daughters in marriage to the Mughal Padishah. (The Moghuals
incidentally never returned the favour by giving, or even offerring, their
daughters to the Rajputs!). This Mirza Raja Jaisingh who came with a powerful
force was smarter than Shaista Khan sent earlier by Aurangzeb. Mirzaji laid
siege to Purandar alongwith a systematic loot and destruction of rural
maharashtra. This long drawn siege and the destruction forced Shivaji to
reach out for a compromise in the interests of the sufferring population of
Maharashtra.
The Treaty of Purandar
The treaty of Purandar signed between Mirza Raja Jai Singh and Shivaji
Maharaj had among many conditions, one condition that Shivaji accompany
Mirzaji to Agra. Shivaji decided to go to Agra in 1666.
Shivaji's Visit to Aurangzeb at Agra
At Agra, when Shivaji presented himself at the Moghul court, Aurangzeb
deliberately insulted him by making him stand behind a lesser noble whom
Shivaji has once defeated in battle. This was a calculated humiliation that
Aurang had arranged for Shivaji. As a result Shivaji left the court in a
huff. This gave Aurangzeb an excuse to declare Shivaji of having committed
the offence of insulting the Mughal court.
Imprisonment of Shivaji
Aurangzeb detained Shivaji in Mirza Raja Jai Singh's house where Shivaji had
put up. Shivaji seems to have read Aurangzeb's mind of having him put to
death. Aurag had made plans to shift Shivaji into the proper Mughal dungeons.
Shivaji's Escape from Aurang's Clutches
Shivaji struck upon an idea and said that he wanted to make peace with God by
sending fruit and sweetmeats to Brahmins and holy men. To this Aurangzeb
consented. One fine day Shivaji and his son Sambhaji hid himself in two of
the sizable baskets in which fruits nad seetmeats had been packed everyday
and made good their escape from Aurnag's custody. In doing this Shivaji must
have had in mind what had happened to his general Netaji Palkar who after
being captured by the Mughals had been forced to embrace Islam and change his
name to Quli Mohammed Khan. Netaji was forced to serve as a Mughal soldier in
Afghanistan, till he too made good his escape and returned to Shivaji to
reconvert to Hinduism and join the forces of Swaraja once again. Others were
not so lucky, they were made to convert to Islam and some others were simly
tortured to death - as was to happen later with Shivaji's son Shambhu Raje or
Sambhaji, after Shivaji's death.
Coronation of Shivaji as Chattrapati
After returning to the deccan, Shivaji again raised an army and recaptured
all the forts that he had been made to surrender to the Mughals as per the
treaty of Purandar. In this phase we see the exploits of his brave general
Tanaji Malusare who perished while recapturing the invincible fort of Torna
from Uday Bhan the Mughal commander. The fort of Torna was renamed as
"Sinhagad" in honour of Tanaji's brave deed.
After all the forts had been recaptured, Shivaji was pusuaded by Gaga Bhatt
(a brahmin from Benaras) and his mother the aeging Jijabai to formally crown
himself as the king of the Marathas. The coronation took place at Raigad on
the 6th of June 1674.
A "Nazarana" - The Daughter-in-law of the Muslim Subahdar of Kalyan
During the days after the coronation, many Maratha generals presented
Nazaranas (tribute in kind) to the newly anointed King of Maharashtra. It was
then a practice of the Muslims to abduct any fair maiden and to force her
into the harem as a concubine. (A harem is a term for the living quarters of
abducted women, nominally treated as wives.) On one such occasion, following
the "illustrious" example set by the Muslim aggressors, a Maratha Sardar also
(general) abducted a daughter-in-law of the Muslim Subahadar of Kalyan, near
Mumbai (Kalyan was then under Mughal occupation).
This Sardar presented this "Nazarana" to Shivaji Maharaj, expecting to be
patted on the back for such a "fair" tribute. Shivaji Maharaj's reaction at
this occasion, gives us an insight into the mind of the person who lived 300
years before us.
Shivaji not only chided the general, but warned him and all the other Maratha
generals that such a henious offence would henceforth attract a penalty of
the offender's hands being chopped off. The dazed general was asked by
Shivaji to return with full honours, the daughter-in-law of the Muslim
Subahadar of Kalyan. <P> The Maratha ballads (Povadas) that describe this
event say that on hearing Shivaji's dialogue in Marathi the teenaged girl is
said to have exclaimed "Ya Allah, yeh aadmi nahin farishta hai. Ees farishtey
pe kamyaabi bahal karna." ("O Lord, this is not an ordinary man but an angel.
Bestow success on this angel.") The Maratha balladeers, while narrating this
event say that "Asseech amuchi aai asatee,sundar roopavati; amhi hee sundar
zhalo asato - vadaley Chattrapati" ("If my mother had been as beautiful, I
too would have been as beautiful - exclaimed Chattrapati"). These dialogues
might as well be a later romanticization of what actually happened. But it
proves a point - Shivaji Maharaj had risen above the attitudes of religious
bigotry, and beastly behaviour that had come to typify the Indian ruling
class under Muslim rule.
The Karnataka and Tamil Nadu Campaigns
After this Shivaji launched his campaign in Karnatak, which took him up to
Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu. The period from 1674 up his passing away in 1680 was
a relatively peaceful period, as the Mughal made no more attempts to molest
the Marathas. Only after the passing away of Shivaji maharaj did Aurang again
dared to venture into Maharashtra, and then too he did not entrust the task
to any general. He came himself in 1682 and stayed on in the deccan till his
death in 1707.
The Peshwas - Baji Rao, Balaji Baji Rao, Madhav Rao
After Shivaji the de facto executive power passed into the hand of the
hereditary Prime Minsiters the Peshwas, under whom Maratha power continued to
grow until it supplanted the Mughal power all over India. The Marathas
received a temporary setback at Panipat in 1761, when they failed to defeat
the Afghan invader Ahmed Shah Abdali, whom they nevertheless forced to
retrace his steps out of India.
Mahadji Shinde
In the period between 1761 and 1790, the Maratha power was consolidated by
Mahadji Shinde, Nana Phadnavis and Shrimant Madhav Rao Peshwa. Mahadji Shinde
took initiative in military matters and he successfully checked the British in
the first Anglo-Maratha war. Later of course, the Marathas were to succumb to
the British in after the third Anglo-Maratha war of 1817.
But in retrospect we can say that the Marathas were the first to kindle the
flame of independence 300 years back.
A flame that was to give us in the rising of 1857 personlities like, Tatya
Tope, Ahilyabai - the Rani of Jhansi, Nana Saheb - the last Peshwa (of
Bithoor) and later Vasudeo Balwant Phadke, the Chaphekar brothers, Umaji
Naik, Sardar Kotwal not to mention Swatantryaveer Savarkar, Lokmanya Tilak,
Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Mahatma Phule, Mahadeo Govind Ranande, Rajguru (of the
Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Rajguru fame) and many other Maratha's who struggled
for India's independence.
=====================
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, i.e. King Shivaji was great Maratha warrior of medieval India. With his small guerrilla army, he established a new kingdom by defeating mighty Mughals and Bijapur Saltanat. He recruited common people like cultivators, artisans, barbers, sweepers etc. into his army.
His kingdom spread in Southern parts of India. After him, the kingdom became an Empire.
Here are some rare paintings of the great king.
Shivaji Painting by Mir Mohamad
Mir
Mohamad, an artist and a contemporary of the great king painted this
beautiful picture. This picture is of historical importance.
Painting by a Dutch Artist
Painting of King Shivaji by a Dutch artist
A rare painting of King Shivaji
A portrait of Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj. Artist Unknown
Painting of Shivaji by Raja Ravi Varma
Raja Ravi varma was one of the famous painter from India. This is painting of Shivaji Maharaj by Raja Ravi varma.
A painting by contemporary European artist. This painting is used
by Government of India and Government of Maharashtra as official.Official painting for Government of Maharashtra and Government of India
(
Answer:
Yes there is a Statue of Chathrapati Shivaji Maharajah in HO CHI MI of Vietnam.
They installed it as a tribute to the great King of India.
During the Vietnam War they used to study the guerrilla war tactics from the style of Shivaji
The original mail below is in Marathi. Translation is as follows :-
A small country like Vietnam brought a Mighty USA to it's knees. President of Vietnam was asked by reporters, how could they achieve that feat ?
He replied that " I read the character & deeds of a great King, who inspired me to try his war tacticts against the US Forces..and the success just followed."
When asked who was the King , he replied "Shivaji. " He further added that "had such a King been born in Vietnam, we would have ruled the world " After the death of the said Vietnamese President, he had it inscribed on his tombstone " Shivaji Maharaja's One Mavla, has achived Samadhi " ( Since Shivaji's soldiers belonged to Maval region of Maharashtra, they were called Mavlas )
A few years later the Vietnamese, Lady Foreign Minister visited India, and as per SOP conducted to Red Fort and Gandhi's Samadhi. She asked where is "Shivaji's Samadhi" ? The Govt officials went into a flutter, and replied that " at Raigadh". She expressed her desire to visit the same. On reaching the Samadhi at Raigadh, & paying her tributes, she picked up the soil around the samadhi and and put it into her briefcase. When questioned by reporters, she answered " This soil is of land of braves..once I return to Vietnam, I will mix it with soil of my country, so that brave people like Shivaji will be born there."
рдЬрдп рдЫрдд्рд░рдкрддी рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬ рдХी рдЬрдп!...... рд╡ंрджे рдоाрддрд░рдо् !!!_
рд╡्рд╣िрдпेрддрдиाрдо рдпा рд▓рд╣ाрдирдЧ्рдпा рджेрд╢ाрдиं
рдЕрдоेрд░िрдХा рд╕ाрд░рдЦ्рдпा рдмрд▓ाрдв्рдп рджेрд╢ाрд▓ा
рдЬрд╡рд│рдкाрд╕ рд╡ीрд╕ рд╡рд░्рд╖ рдЪाрд▓рд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдпा рдп
рдЕрдоेрд░िрдХा рдкрд░ाрдЬिрдд рдЭाрд▓ी рд╣ोрддी. рд╡ि
рд╡्рд╣िрдпेрддрдиाрдордЪ्рдпा рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдз्рдпрдХ्рд╖ा
рдк्рд░рд╢्рди рд╡िрдЪाрд░рд▓ा рд╕ाрд╣рдЬिрдХрдЪं рддो рдпु
рдЕрд╕рдгाрд░ рдЕрдоेрд░िрдХेрд▓ा рдХрд╕ं рдирдорд╡ंрд▓ рд╣ाрдЪ
рджिрд▓ेрд▓ं рд╣े рдЙрдд्рддрд░ рд╡ाрдЪा..... "рдоुрд│ाрдд рдЕрдоेрд░िрдХा рдмрд▓ाрдв्рдп рджेрд╢
рдоाрдд्рд░ рдд्рдпाрдЪ рдмрд▓ाрдв्рдп
рджेрд╢ाрд▓ा рдирдорд╡рдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рдоी рдПрдХा рдорд╣ाрди
рд╡ाрдЪрд▓ं рд╣ोрддं рдЖрдгि рдд्рдпाрддूрди рдоिрд│ाрд▓े
рдоी рдпुрдж्рдзрдиिрддीрдЪा рд╡ाрдкрд░ рдХेрд▓ा рдЖрдгि рд╕
рдХेрд▓ा... рдкुрдвे рдкрдд्рд░рдХाрд░ाрдиं рд╡िрдЪा
рд╣ोрддा рддो рдорд╣ाрди рд░ाрдЬा? рдоिрдд्рд░ाрдиों рдЬ
рддेрд╡्рд╣ा рдоाрдЭी рд╣ी рдЫाрддी рдЪांрдЧрд▓ीрдЪ
рдлुрдЧрд▓ी рдЬрд╢ी рдЖрддा рддुрдордЪी рдлुрдЧेрд▓.. рддрд░
рд╡्рд╣िрдпेрддрдиाрдордЪे рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдз्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рдЬा
рдЖрдгि рдЫрдд्рд░рдкрддी рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬ рдЕрд╕ं
рдкुрдвे рддे рдо्рд╣рдгाрд▓े рдХी рдЕрд╕ा рд░ाрдЬा рдЬрд░
рдЬрди्рдоाрд▓ा рдЖрд▓ा рдЕрд╕рддा рддрд░ рдЖрдЬ рдЖрдо्рд╣ी рдЬ
рдЕрд╕рддं. рдХाрд╣ी рд╡рд░्рд╖ांрдиंрддрд░ рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्
рдЭाрд▓ा рдЖрдгि рдд्рдпांрдиी рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпा рд╕рдоाрдзी
"рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪा рдПрдХ рдоाрд╡рд│ा рд╕рдо
рдЭाрд▓ा" рдЕрд╕ं рд▓िрд╣ूрди
===========
The Marathas - Samurais from Western India
The Marathas are a proud and hardy race who are a sub-set of the wider Hindu
Community. They are first mentioned in Indian history as the stout fighters
in the army of the Chalukya King Pulikeshin who resisted the Southward march
of Emperor Harsha in the 7th century C.E.
CHATTRAPATI SHRI SHIVAJI MAHARAJ
- A statue of this great Saint Soldier
seen against the backdrop of
the fort of Raigad,
which was his capital
The Maratha dynasties of the ancient (pre-Muslim) period are the Chalukyas
(500 C.E. to 750C.E.), the Rastrakutas (750 C.E. to 978 C.E. and the Yadavas
or Jadhavs (1175 C.E. to 1318 C.E.).
The Marathas were the first who crossed Malik Kafur's path, when he invaded
the deccan in 1314 C.E. They were then led by the last scion of the Yadava
dynasty - Ramdev Rai Yadava who ruled from Devagiri (today's Daulatabad). In
their first clash with the Muslims; the Marathas lost to the invaders and
accepted the status of being vassals and mercenaries of their Muslim
overlords.
The Marathas before Shivaji were Mercenaries and revenue Collectors for the
Muslim Rulers
In keeping with the feudal tradition, the Maratha Sardars (Generals), before
Shivaji kept shifting their loyalties from one Muslim ruler to another. And
there were many Muslim rulers like the Adilshahis at Bijapur, the
Nizamshahis at Ahmednagar (Berar), the Qutubshahis at Golkonda (Hyderabad),
etc.
Shahji Bhosale, who was Shivaji's father typified this practice of shifting
loyalties from one Muslim overlord to another. He was from time-to-time in
the service of the Mughals, the Adilshahis and the Nizamshahis. The thought
of establishing an independent Maratha-Hindu kingdom, does seem to have
crossed his mind, but he never really got about to doing it successfully.
The germ of this idea however seems to have got rubbed into Shivaji - his
son by Jijabai.
Shivaji Maharaj - the Visionary Saint-Soldier
Shivaji was born in the year 1627 at the Fort of Shivneri in Maharashtra in
Western India.
SHIVNERI FORT
- The birthplace of Shivaji Maharaj
On the crest of the hill
at the center of this photo
is Shivneri fort.
Shivaji's mother, Jijabai was a direct descendant of the erstwhile Yadav
royal family of Devagiri. She seems to have nursed deep within her mind the
idea of recovering independence from Muslim rule which her Yadav forebears
had lost in the year 1318. Shivaji grew up with these ideas embedded into
him. His childhood stories are those of playing games in which he and his
friends attacked and captured forts held by the enemy.
The Oath of Independence - at Raireshwar
When Shivaji was seventeen, he decided to transform what were till then
simply games to a reality. He and his friends encouraged by Jijabai and his
Guru Dadoji Kondeo; decided to take a formal oath to free the country from
the shackles of Muslim tyranny. This was done in the year 1645 in a dark
cavern housing a small temple to the Hindu God Shiva (locally called
Raireshwar).
At the cave temple of Raireshwar in the Sayhadris Shivaji and his select
band of teenaged Maratha friends slit their thumbs and poured the blood
oozing from it on the Shiva-linga (Phallus representing the Lord Shiva). By
this act they declared a blood-feud against Mughal tyranny.
Here Shivaji and his select band of teenaged Maratha friends slit their
thumbs and poured the blood oozing from it on the Shiva-linga (Phallus
representing the Lord Shiva). By this act they declared a blood-feud against
Mughal tyranny. This was the beginning of a long and arduous Maratha-Mughal
struggle that went on for the next century and a half to culminate in the
defeat of the Mughals and their replacement by the Marathas as the dominant
power in India when the British came into the scene. (But more of the
British later.)
Shivaji's encounter with Afzal Khan
When Shivaji started his military career by capturing the fortress of
Torana, it sent shockwaves in the Adilshshi court at Bijapur. Here was a
local Hindu chieftain, daring to challenge the might of a Muslim ruler. The
retribution was swift and Adil Shah sent in his most fearsome general named
Afzal Khan to bring back Shivaji dead or alive to Bijapur. Afzal Khan who
was reputed to be more than six feet tall and of a real massive built, set
on his mission and in order to lure Shivaji down into the plains, he
destroyed the Hindu temples at Tuljapur, Pandharpur and Shikhar Shenganapur.
Afzal Goes Up to Pratapgad
This ploy failed to work and Shivaji stuck to his Hill fastness in the
Sahyadris. Shivaji even sent a letter to Afzal Khan praising the legendary
strength of Afzal Khan's powerful arms and his reputed fearlessness. Shivaji
addressed him as his uncle and said that he was afraid to come down to meet
Afzal Khan. Shivaji asked him to come up into the hills to meet him and on
condition that Afzal Khan came with not more than few select soldiers. The
proud Khan felt that the Dekkhan-Ka-Chuha (Rat of the Deccan as the Muslims
scornfully addressed Shivaji) had really chickened out.
Afzal Meets his Nemesis in Shivaji
Khan-Saheb agreed to go up the hills at Pratapgad to meet his nemesis. When
the meeting took place, Afzal Khan embraced Shivaji and with his diminutive
enemy (Shivaji was less than five feet in height) in his grip, Afzal
suddenly pulled out his dagger and tried to stab Shivaji. When Afzal's
dagger could not plunge into Shivaji Maharaj due to the protective armour
which Shivaji was wearing, Afzal tried to throttle him. But the wily Maratha
was more than prepared for this as he had come down not only with full
armour that was hidden by his thick satin robes, but he also had with him
the 'Wagh Nakh' - a sharp weapon resembling tiger claws that could be hidden
in the grip of one's fist. In addition, he had the Bichhwa - curved dagger
hidden in the pocket of his waistcoat.
Shivaji Maharaj thrusts the Wagh-Nakh into Afzal's Abdomen when Afzal tried
to stab and then throttle Shivaji Maharaj. Shivaji Maharaj emerged the
victor in this battle of muscles and wits.
Jiwa Mahalaya
On sensing that the Khan meant to throttle him, Shivaji pierced the tiger
claws deep into Khan's belly and pulled out his intestines. After which
Shivaji repeatedly stabbed him with the bichhwa. The Khan bellowed "Daga"
"Daga" and yelled for Syed Banda, his bodyguard to come to his rescue. When
Syed Banda, also a burly Muslim was about to strike Shivaji with his sword,
Shivaji's bodyguard Jiva Mahalya struck off Banda's upraised arm in the air
itself.
PRATAPGAD FORT
This fort was named after the "Pratap" (Act of Valour) of Shivaji Maharaj in
slaying his assailant
- Afzal Khan. This fort is located amdist lofty ranges of the Sahyadris
which soar to a height of 4800 feet above the mean sea level. The fort is
surrounded by deeply forested valleys which were ideal for guerilla warfare
which the Marathas waged against the Muslims to lay the roots of the freedom
struggle and of the Maratha empire.
Santaji Kawji
After this commotion, the bleeding Khan tried to make good his escape and
rushed into his palanquin. As the palanquin bearers set off with the fleeing
Khan, Santaji Kawji, another of Shivaji's select warriors cut-off the feet
of the bearers and Khans' palanquin, with its load of Khansaab fell to the
ground. Santaji Kawji, then finished off the task of sending Khan to his
final resting place. Khan's army which was waiting in the valley was
ruthlessly massacred by the Marathas who were hiding behind every crevice
and bush in the densely wooded jungles around the Pratapgad fort. At the
place where this encounter took place on 10th November 1659 between Shivaji
Maharaj and the Khan, there stands today a Kabar (grave) erected by Shivaji
for the departed Khan's soul to rest in peace.
Bijapur Stymied
The result of this dramatic encounter was that the Bijapur ruler panicked
and after that never posed a serious threat to the growing Maratha power.
The next Muslim power which Shivaji turned to was that of the Mughals. Here
was the real challenge for Shivaji. The Bijapur rulers were a provincial
power, while the Mughals were an power of imperial dimensions whose writ ran
almost all over Northern India.
------------------------------
----
The Siege of Panhalgad
Despite this defeat, Bijapur's Adil Shah made one last attempt to check
Shivaji by sending another general named Siddhi Jouhar against him. Siddhi
besiged Panhalgad where Shivaji was camping. The seige went on for some
months, from summer till the monsoons. But Shivaji Maharaj slipped out of
Panhalgad and reached safely at Vishalgad.
The Brave Deed of Baji Prabhu Deshpande
It is during this escape that Baji Prabhu Deshpande held the pursuing enemy
troops at a narrow pass called Ghod Khind. Baji Prabhu immortalized himself
by laying down his life but ensured that his Master reached safely at
Vishalgad. This narrow pass is today known as Pawan Khind i.e. a Holy Pass.
Made holy by Baji Prabhu's memorably brave deed.
Encounter with Shaista Khan - Aurangzeb's Uncle
The next Khan to come down 'literally' before Shivaji was Shaista Khan. On
hearing Shivaji's depredations, Aurangzeb was furious and wanted to
desperately crush this infidel upstart. He sent his uncle maternal Shaista
Khan with a large and powerful army to checkmate Shivaji.
SHIVAJI MAHARAJ
He set an example
of religious tolerance
in an age when
conversion at the point of the sword
was the norm.
He defended the honour of womenfolk
in an age when
captured women of the enemy
were considered to be the rightful property
by their Muslim captors
to be put in the Haram - concubine chamber.
Shivaji Maharaj was way ahead of his times
in his vision and mission.
But even this time the wily Maratha proved that brain was stronger than the
brawn.
Shaista Khan came into Maharashtra and started devstating towns, villages
fields, temples, forts and everything that came in his path.
Shaista Establishes his Harem in Shivaji's Devghar (Prayer Room)
To provoke Shivaji, Shaista Khan established his camp in Shivaji's home in
Pune called Lal-Mahal. And to top it up, he put up his Harem in Shivaji's
Devghar (prayer room).
Shaista is Lucky - He Only Loses His Fingers
Shivaji bided his time for many months and one on fine day (night), he with
a select band of Maratha Samurais, sneaked into Pune and into the Lal-Mahal.
He tracked down the sleeping Khan to his bed. The Khan sensing that his time
was up tried jumping out of the window. At that point Shivaji cut off the
Khan's fingers with which he was holding on to the window sill.
For all his belligerence,
Shaista Khan proved to be a coward
when he faced Shivaji Maharaj in person.
The Khan, who was Aurang's (the Mughal Emperor) uncle
miserably tried to jump out
of the window when Shivaji Maharaj came for him!
On the Khan's wife's pleading before Shivaji to spare her husband's life as
she considered Shivaji to be her brother. And so killing her husband would
mean making her a widow, Shivaji spared the Khan's life. This was a mistake
for which Shivaji was to pay dearly later. Shivaji made good his escape from
the Khan's lair, but not before the treacherous Khan ordered his troops to
give chase and try to capture the fleeing Shivaji.
Shaista's Retreat from Maharashtra
The Khan however, decided that enough was enough and returned to Delhi -
without his fingers. This happened in April 1663
The failure of his uncle peeved Aurang to no end and he now sent another
general to subjugate Shivaji. This was Mirza Raja Jai Singh, Aurangzeb's
Hindu general who was also the scion of the house of the Suryavanshi
Kachhawaha's who we saw earlier had ingratiated themselves to the Mughal
rulers by giving away their daughters in marriage to the Mughal Padishah.
(The Moghuls incidentally never returned the favour by giving, or even
offerring, their daughters to the Rajputs!). This Mirza Raja Jaisingh who
came with a powerful force was smarter than Shaista Khan sent earlier by
Aurangzeb. Mirzaji laid siege to Purandar alongwith a systematic loot and
destruction of rural Maharashtra.
The Brave Deed of Murar Baji
When Raja Jai Singh and his general Diler Khan laid siege to the Fort of
Purandar. Murar Baji was the Maratha Fort Commandant at Purandar. To break
the morale of the Maratha troops, Diler Khan launched a viscious attack on
the fort and laid waste the surrounding countryside. The Mughals succeeded
in forcing their way into the outer defenses of Purandar.
But the Marathas were not easily intimidated, they withdrew to the inner
fort (bali-killa) and kept on their attack on the besieging Mughals. One
day, Murar Baji decided to rain hell on the enemy and the Marathas stormed
out of the fort and fell upon the Mughals who were occupying the outer fort.
In face of the Maratha attack, the Mughals broke ranks and fled to their
main camp in the plains below, where Diler Khan was camping.
The Fort of Raigad
was the capital of Shivaji Maharaj.
His coronation ceremony
took place in this fort.
The British and other foreign powers
sent their repesentatives to that ceremony.
Seeing the ferocity of the Maratha attack, Diler Khan, decided to tempt
Murar Baji with an offer of making him a general in the Mughal army if he
betrayed Shivaji. When news of this offer reached Murar Baji, in the midst
of the battle, his rage knew no bounds, and in a rash act he pushed into the
ranks of the Mughal troops, hacking right, left and center towards Diler
Khan and shouted at him that he would reply Diler's offer by cutting off his
head and taking it to Shivaji Maharaj.
Murar Baji had left his own troops behind and was now surrounded by Mughal
troops on all sides, but he could only see Diler, whose head he wanted. This
act was brave but rash and cost Murar Baji his life. Their leader dead, the
Marathas withdrew into the fort. The news of this battle and the passing
away of Murar Baji and the long drawn siege along with the destruction of
the countryside forced Shivaji to reach out for a compromise with Jai Singh
in the interests of the sufferring population of Maharashtra.
The Treaty of Purandar
The treaty of Purandar signed between Mirza Raja Jai Singh and Shivaji
Maharaj had among many conditions, one condition that Shivaji accompany
Mirzaji to Agra. Shivaji decided to go to Agra in 1666.
A Maratha Gunpowder Keg. Shivaji Maharaj not only fought for independence,
but strived to preserve it. He created a ministry of Military Affairs in his
eight ministerial cabinet (Asta-Pradhan Mandal).His Minister of Warfare was
Hambirrao Mohite. Shivaji Maharaj established factories at Raigad and at
other important forts for the manufacture of guns and gunpowder.
Shivaji's Visit to Aurangzeb at Agra
At Agra, when Shivaji presented himself at the Moghul court, Aurangzeb
deliberately insulted him by making him stand behind a lesser noble whom
Shivaji has once defeated in battle. This was a calculated humiliation that
Aurang had arranged for Shivaji. As a result Shivaji left the court in a
huff. This gave Aurangzeb an excuse to declare Shivaji of having committed
the offence of insulting the Mughal court.
Imprisonment of Shivaji
Aurangzeb detained Shivaji in Mirza Raja Jai Singh's house where Shivaji had
put up. Shivaji seems to have read Aurangzeb's mind of having him put to
death. Aurag had made plans to shift Shivaji into the proper Mughal
dungeons.
Shivaji's Escape from Aurang's Clutches
Shivaji struck upon an idea and said that he wanted to make peace with God
by sending fruit and sweetmeats to Brahmins and holy men. To this Aurangzeb
consented. One fine day Shivaji and his son Sambhaji hid himself in two of
the sizable baskets in which fruits and sweetmeats had been packed everyday
and made good their escape from Aurnag's custody. In doing this Shivaji must
have had in mind what had happened to his general Netaji Palkar who after
being captured by the Mughals had been forced to embrace Islam and change
his name to Quli Mohammed Khan. Netaji was forced to serve as a Mughal
soldier in Afghanistan, till he too made good his escape and returned to
Shivaji to reconvert to Hinduism and join the forces of Swaraja once again.
Others were not so lucky, they were made to convert to Islam and some others
were horribly tortured to death - as was to happen later with Shivaji's son
Shambhu Raje or Sambhaji, after Shivaji's death.
Shivaji Maharaj's Seal. Shivaji Maharaj was the first Hindu King to ascend
a throne after a long time. During the Dark Days of Muslim Tyranny, Shivaji
Maharaj was one of the very few (along with the Ranas of Mewad), to issue
his own coinage. Shivaji's coinage was in Sanskrit. The coins were in two
main denominations, the Shivrai made of copper was a lower denomination coin
and the Hon was a gold coin of a higher denomination. To erase the memory of
Shivaji Maharaj, Aurangzeb issued an order after the passing away of Shivaji
Maharaj that all Hons were to be imponded and melted. That Aurang did not
succeed in erazing Shivaji Maharaj's illustruous personality from our memory
is another matter.
Opposition form the Orthodoxy
One important event during this time was the escape of Netaji Palkar from
the Mughals and his return to Maharashtra. Netaji had been captured as a
Prisoner of war by the Mughals and had been forcibly converted to Islam. He
had been given the name Mohammed Quli Khan and was marooned as a fighting
soldier of the Mughal forces in far away Afghanistan. For 20 (Twenty) years
he was forced to stay a Muslim in the Mughal army. But one day he got his
chance to escape and he returned to Maharashtra and went to his Master
Shivaji Maharaj. He asked Shivaji Maharaj to re-convert him to Hinduism and
re-habilitate him honourably in Maratha society. But when Shivaji Maharaj
approached the purohits (Priests) to do the needful, they refused to
re-convert a Muslim convert back to Hinduism. On seeing their obstinate
attitude, Shivaji Maharaj, himself performed the necessary rites to
re-convert Netaji into a Hindu.
Incidentally, Shivaji Maharaj was consistently opposed by the retrograde
orthodoxy throughout his military career. Even before his coronation, they
refused to enthrone him citing various reasons that he was not a Kshatriya
by caste and that he had not performed his thread-ceremony! But the will of
the common people of Maharashtra prevailed and Shivaji Maharaj was duly
crowned by the Pandits from Kashi to become Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj.
Coronation of Shivaji as Chattrapati
After returning to the deccan, Shivaji again raised an army and recaptured
all the forts that he had been made to surrender to the Mughals as per the
treaty of Purandar. In this phase we see the exploits of his brave general
Tanaji Malusare who perished while recapturing the invincible fort of
Kondana from Uday Bhan - the renegade Rajput who was the Mughal commandant
of the fort. After all the forts had been recaptured, Shivaji was pursuaded
by Gaga Bhatt (a brahmin from Benaras) and his mother the ageing Jijabai to
formally crown himself as the king of the Marathas. The coronation took
place at Raigad on the 6th of June 1674.
THE ORIGINAL CHATTRI
OF SHIVAJI MAHARAJ
AT RAIGAD FORT
This is the Coronation place
of Shivaji Maharaj,
from which we have
the title Chattrapati.
Narvir Tanaji's Impossibly Brave Deed
The fort of Kondana, which is today on the outskirts of Pune town was then
an outpost overlooking Pune and the surrounding countryside. It was
strategically placed in the center of a string of forts of Rajgad, Purandar,
and Torna. The capture of Kondana was necessary if Shivaji Maharaj was to
re-establish de facto control over the Pune region.
Recognizing the strategic importance of Kondana, the Mughals had maintained
a battalion of 5000 troops led by Udai Bhan, a relative of Mirza Raja Jai
Singh. The fort was built in such a way that all its approaches were covered
by cannon-fire. Only on turret was not well defended as it was at the top of
a vertical overhanging cliff.
Tanaji decided that this was the only way, he could enter the fort. He
dressed himself as a Gondhali (devotee of the Goddess Bhavani of Tuljapur)
and roamed the surrounding villages. He won the trust of one Mahadev Koli
who was in the service of Udai Bhan. Koli presented the disguished Tanaji to
Udai Bhan, who was suitably impressed by this "devotee" and allowed him free
access to the fort.
THE GHORPAD CLIFF
This is the sheer cliff
that Tanaji and his brave Mavalas (comrades) scaled
to surprise the Muslim army
that was engrossed in a drunken orgy
on the plateau seen at the top
during a dark night in 1669.
Tanaji carried out a careful surveillance of the fort and at that very night
when he was told that at the overhanging cliff Udai Bhan and all his senior
commanders would be celebrating a usual party with an alcohol and dance
orgy; Tanaji decided that he should seize this opportunity.
With almost all his troops, Udai Bhan had a roaring party on top of the
overhanging cliff. Unknown to them after midnight, Tanaji and his brave
followers who numbered 300 scaled the cliff using ropes tied to a reptile
called Ghorpad. The Ghorpad can stick fast to any surface and a number of
adults can use this force to scale a vertical cliff with the help of a rope,
one end of which is tied to the Ghorpad. Silently Tanaji and his comrades
slunk up to the top of the cliff.
On the other side his uncle Shelar Mama and his brother Suryaji had moved
close to the other gates of the forts with another 300 Mavalas (Maratha
Soldiers). On a signal from Tanaji, all his comrades who has taken up
strategic position all round the celebrating Mughal army, broke into the
party and mercilessly fell upon their enemies. They started slaughtering the
surprised and ill-prepared and drunken Muslim soldiers.
When Udai Bhan saw that Tanaji - the leader of this invading band of
Marathas was no other than the devotee whom he had given permission to visit
the fort, he flew into a mad rage. On seeing Tanaji, Udai Bhan rushed at him
and we are told that for a few fatal seconds, Tanaji started dancing in the
same fashion as he had done as a Gondhali (devotee) when he had met Udai
Bhan earlier in the day. The enraged Udai Bhan lunged at dancing Tanaji and
cut off the arm with which Tanaji was holding his shield. But undaunted
Tanaji used his turban to ward off further thrusts from the blade of Udai
Bhan's sword and continued fighting him for 2 hours in this state with his
wristless left arm bleeding profusely. It is for this feat of Tanaji, that
he is called Narvir - Brave amongst Men.At the end of this ordeal, the
exhausted Tanaji fell to a fatal swish of Udai Bhan's sword. But Udai Bhan
too was throttled by Shelar Mama and thus lost his life.
NARVIR TANAJI's CHATTRI (MONUMENT)
This is the Monument erected at Simhagad
by Shivaji Maharaj in memory of a brave soldier
who laid down his life for
National Independence.
On this event Shivaji Maharaj
is said to have saidhon this occasion
"Gad aala, paan Simha gela"
(We have won the fort
but have lost the Lion - Tanaji).
The fort of Kondana was renamed as "Simhagad"
in honour of Tanaji's brave deed.
Shivaji Maharaj is said to have said on this occasion "Gad aala, paan Simha
gela" (We have won the fort but have lost the Lion - Tanaji). The fort of
Kondana was renamed as "Simhagad" in honour of Tanaji's brave deed.
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The script for the above applet has been written by Chintamani Thakur.
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A "Nazarana" - The Daughter-in-law of the Muslim Subahdar of Kalyan
During the days after the coronation, many Maratha generals presented
Nazaranas (tribute in kind) to the newly anointed King of Maharashtra. It
was then a practice of the Muslims to abduct any fair maiden and to force
her into the harem as a concubine. (A harem is a term for the living
quarters of abducted women, nominally treated as wives.) On one such
occasion, following the "illustrious" example set by the Muslim aggressors,
a Maratha Sardar also (general) abducted a daughter-in-law of the Muslim
Subahadar of Kalyan, near Mumbai (Kalyan was then under Mughal occupation).
THE TEMPLE OF KHANDOBA AT JEJURI
This was one of the many temples that had been destroyed and converted into
a Mosque by the Muslim aggressors Shivaji Maharaj reconverted it into a
temple. Even today, the temple structure displays a mix of Hindu and Muslim
architecture. But in spite of the trying circumstances of religious bigotry
of the Muslim aggressors in which he operated, Shivaji Maharaj never
disrespected the Muslim faith. Whenever a copy of the holy Koran fell into
the hands of Maratha troops, Shivaji Maharaj had given strict instructions
to treat it with utmost respect and hand it over to the local Maulavis
(Muslim priests).
This Sardar presented this "Nazarana" to Shivaji Maharaj, expecting to be
patted on the back for such a "fair" tribute. Shivaji Maharaj's reaction at
this occasion, gives us an insight into the mind of the person who lived 300
years before us. Shivaji not only chided the general, but warned him and all
the other Maratha generals that such a heinous offence would henceforth
attract a penalty of the offender's hands being chopped off. The dazed
general was asked by Shivaji to return with full honours, the
daughter-in-law of the Muslim Subahadar of Kalyan.
The Maratha ballads (Povadas) that describe this event say that on hearing
Shivaji's dialogue in Marathi the teenaged girl is said to have exclaimed
"Ya Allah, yeh aadmi nahin farishta hai. Ees farishtey pe kamyaabi bahal
karna." ("O Lord, this is not an ordinary man but an angel. Bestow success
on this angel.") The Maratha balladeers, while narrating this event say that
"Asseech amuchi aai asatee,sundar roopavati; amhi hee sundar zhalo asato -
vadaley Chattrapati" ("If my mother had been as beautiful, I too would have
been as beautiful - exclaimed Chattrapati"). These dialogues might as well
be a later romanticization of what actually happened. But it proves a
point - Shivaji Maharaj had risen above the attitudes of religious bigotry,
and beastly behaviour that had come to typify the Indian ruling class under
Muslim rule.
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu Campaigns of Shivaji
After this Shivaji launched his campaign in Karnatak, which took him up to
Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu. The period from 1674 up his passing away in 1680
was a relatively peaceful period, as the Mughal made no more attempts to
molest the Marathas. Only after the passing away of Shivaji Maharaj did
Aurang again dared to venture into Maharashtra, and then too he did not
entrust the task to any general. He came himself in 1682 and stayed on in
the deccan till his death in 1707.
The Marathas After Shivaji Maharaj - Sambhaji
After the passing away of their illustrious leader, the marathas fell into
relative disarray. Shivaji's eldest son Sambhaji did not prove adequate to
the responsibility of preserving the flame of independence to which his
father had given the initial spark. Sambhaji was extremely fearless and
brave. Maratha chronicles (Bakhars) refer to him as in fact more assertive
and independent than his father. But in addition to all this Sambhaji also
had vices like wine and women. In his eventful life, Shivaji Maharaj did not
seem to have had enough time to groom his successor. Sambhaji's temper had a
short fuse. During Shivaji's life-time itself, he had once quarreled with
his father and had gone over to join the Mughals as one of their Mansabdars.
Subsequently, he realized his folly and came back to his father and
repented. But this act of his deeply hurt his father nad also displayed his
chimerical nature for which he was to pay later with a painful death.
Another view of the Khandoba Temple at Jejuri
- Khandoba, the deity at Jejuri is the fighter God of the Marathas. He is
shown astride a horse and has a angry warlike look. This was reason enough
for the Muslims to repeatedly destroy the temple. Even Aurangzeb attempted
to destroy the temple a second time in 1690. He however was thwarted in this
attempt when a nest of hornets was disturbed by the Mughal soldiers while
trying to attack the temple. The hornets so harrassed the besieging Mughal
soldiers that Aurangzeb was forced to lift the siege and spare the temple.
The Bigoted but God-fearing Aurangzeb is said to have placated the angry
bees by offerring One Hundred and Twenty Five Thousand Silver Coins to the
God Khandoba. Even today this place is known as Sava Lakhacha Bhunga.
After the death of Shivaji Maharaj, Sambhaji was crowned as Chattrapati. He
brazenly followed policies detrimental to the fledgling Maratha power. In
this he was given short-sighted advise by his friend Kavi Kalash.
Sambhaji's Assassination
Sambhaji did not falter in battling the Mughals, as well as the Portuguese.
In those days Aurnagzeb had come over to the Deccan. After subjugating the
Bijapur and Golkonda kingdoms, he turned his attention on the Marathas. He
carried on a ceaseless campaign against the Marathas. Sambhaji performed
many daring acts in this guerrilla campaign especially in the Konkan region.
But in spite of his bravery, his short temper and his vices went against
him. One night, when he was passing thru Sangmeshwar with a small band of
bodyguards, he was waylaid by the Mughals and was brought in chains before
Aurangzeb.
On being presented to Aurangzeb, Sambhaji was asked to surrender all his
forts, accept Islam and enter the service of the Mughal Emperor. To this
affront, Sambhaji scronfully replied that he could consider this if
Aurangzeb gave him his daughter in marriage and proclaimed him as the
successor to the Mughal throne! On hearing this Aurang flew into a rage and
decided to torture Sambhaji to death. Sambhaji's eyes were gouged, his
tongue was cut off, followed by his arms and legs. Sambhaji died an inhuman
death, but till the agonizing end he never recanted his faith.
Rajaram, Tarabai and Shahu
After Sambhaji's assassination, his step-brother Rajaram became the king. He
was not especially brave and is said to have been physically weak. During
his time Aurangzeb besieged and captured Raigad. Instead of fighting the
enemy, Rajaram fled from Raigad when the fort was about to be besieged.
Raigad fell into the hands of the Mughals in 1689 when a renegade Maratha
called Suryaji Pisal betrayed the defences of the fort to the besieging
Mughals. During the capture of Raigad, Sambhaji' wife Yesubai and his son
Shahu were taken captive by the Mughals. Rajaram's life as Chattrapati was
spent mostly in fleeing from the Mughal armies. Nevertheless during his
times, the generals like Santaji Ghorpade and Dhanaji Jadhav carried out a
whirlwind guerrilla campaign to harras the Mughal army and never let
Aurangzeb rest in one place. Thus in spite of his presence in the Deccan for
more than 25 years from 1680 to 1707, Aurang could not subsume the flame of
independence lit by Shivaji Maharaj.
A View from the Turrets of Raigad Fort
This fort was invincible.
After the passing away of Shivaji Maharaj in 1680,
the fort could be captured by Aurangzeb in 1689 only when
Suryaji Pisal - a renegade Maratha,
betrayed the defenders and
opened the doors secretly to
let the enemy troops inside at night.
In 1700, Rajaram died of sickness and he was succeeded by his wife Tarabai.
She was the nominal leader of the Marathas from 1700 to 1707, although the
military activities were coordinated by the duo of Santaji and Dhanaji.
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Aurang's Death in 1707
When Aurang died in 1707, his son Azamshah who was with him at his deathbed,
proclaimed himself the Mughal Emperor and prepared to battle his elder
brother Muaazam, who was then in Kabul. To ensure that the Marathas came
over to his side, Azamshah released Shahu who was till then held as a
prisoner by the Mughals. Shahu had been a prisoner for 18 years from 1689 up
to 1707. When Shahu staked his claim to the throne, Tarabi was ruling. A
battle between the two was inevitable. This battle fought at Khed went in
favour of Shahu and he became the Chattrapati. He was incidentally the last
de facto Chattrapati of the Marathas.
The Coronation of Shivaji Maharaj
marked the zenith of a career full of daring acts
of personal bravery of this unique personality.
Prime Ministers Peshwas become de facto Kings
During the days of Shahu, his general Dhanaji Jadhav had a very able
accountant named Balaji Vishwanath Bhatt. This accountant rose in Dhanaji's
favour by dint of hard work. His successful track record brought him
visibility in the eyes of Shahu.
On Dhanaji's passing away, Shahu appointed him as his accountant. During
this period, Shahu was attacked by forces loyal to Tarabai. To face this
attack, Shahu appointed Balaji Viswanath Bhatt as a Senakarta (i.e.
Commander). Balaji Viswanath proved to be an able soldier too. This
increased the confidence Shahu had in him and he appointed Balaji Viswanath
as his representative to negotiate with Kanhoji Angre, the Admiral of the
Maratha Navy, who was at that time with Shahu's rival Tarabai. Before,
balaji Viswanath could take up this assignment, he asked Shahu to appoint
him as a Prime Minister or Peshwa. To this request Shahu conceded and Balaji
Vishwanath Bhatt became the Chattrapati's first Peshwa.
Balaji negotiated with Kanhoji Angre and both consented to accept the
other's independent sphere of influence. With Balaji Vishwanath in charge of
the Maratha military and Kanhoji in charge of the Marathas Navy. This
agreement set the course for Balaji Viswanatha's rise as a Peshwa during his
subsequent visit to Delhi with an army of 12,000 Marathas. During this visit
to Delhi, on an invitation from the Syed brothers in their struggle with the
Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyyar, the Maratha forces led by Balaji Viswanath
clashed with the forces of Mughal Emperor and defeated them. This was the
first Maratha victory over the Mughals in Delhi. This event marks the
asendency of the Marathas in Delhi an asendency that was to last for almost
a century till they were supplanted by the British in 1803.
The Peshwas - Baji Rao, Balaji Baji Rao, Madhav Rao
As we saw above, after Shahu, the de facto executive power passed into the
hands of the hereditary Prime Ministers the Peshwas. Balaji Viawanath Bhatt
was succeeded by his son Baji Rao the first. Baji Rao was a very able and
ambitious soldier and he was the one who consolidated Maratha power in North
India.
The Spread of the Maratha Empire.
The Marathas rose to the status of Imperial Rulers of India. Their rise from
freedom fighters for swarajya to the rulers of Marathi Daulat (Empire) took
place from 1720 to 1761 and lasted till 1803 when they were supplanted by
the British.
Baji Rao died at a relativey young age of 40 in the year 1740. His was
succeeded by his son Balaji Baji Rao. Balaji Baji Rao played a tragic role
in Maratha history and the fissiparous tendencies he let loose ultimately
let to the downfall of the Maratha empire.
His first mistake was to go back on the agreement between his grandfather
Balaji Viswanath Bhatt and Kanhoji Angre according to which the Peshwa was
to have no direct control over the Maratha Navy. He attacked the his own
navy and weakened one arm of the Maratha might.
During his rule, North India was invaded by Ahmed Shah Abdali first in 1756.
Balaji Baji Rao then sent his brother Raghunath Rao along with Malharrao
Holkar to defeat Abdali. Raghunath rao not only defeated Abdali but chased h
im up to the Khyber pass till Attock in Paktoonistan. .
This success of Raghunath Rao aroused the jealousy of Balaji Baji Rao's wife
Gopikabai, who started conspiring against Raghunath Rao to undermine his
influence. This led to corresponding jealousy from Anandibai who was
Ragunath Rao's wife. The unfortunate fallout of this court intrigue ws to
end in the disastrous 3rd battle of Panipat in 1761.Let us see the event
that led to this catastrophe at Panipat.
A Mavla
Maratha soldiers were known as Mavlas
Among them were valiant warriors like Tanaji Malusare,
Murar Baji, Santaji Ghorpade, Baji Prabhu Deshpande, and many others.
Known for their daring bravey
it was they who helped Shivaji Maharaj
lay the foundations of Hindavi Swaraj and
of the Maratha Empire in face of brutal Muslim Tyranny.
But when the Marathas gave up their guerrilla tactics
under haughty and over-confident leaders, the result was PANIPAT
The Persian Invasion of 1740 by Nadir Shah
Some 80 years after Shivaji when the Mughal Empire had been weakened by
repeated Maratha attacks, the Afghan raider Ahmed Shah Durrani (Abdali)
invaded North India. As the Mughals were past their prime and were now
living at the mercy of the Marathas, they did not dare oppose Ahmed Shah.
The task of challenging him was left to the Marathas. The Marathas who then
were on their ascendancy in North India had since the first Persian-Afghan
invasion by Nadir Shah, the king of Persia in 1740, established themselves
as a dominant power in Northern India. The 20 years from 1740 to 1760 saw a
see-saw battle between the Afghans and the Marathas for the domination of
North India.
With the defeat of Mohammed Shah, the Moghul Emperor in 1740 by Nadir Shah
(in whose army Ahmed Shah Abdali was a general), the Mughal power steadily
declined and its place was usurped by the Rohillas who were led by an
ambitious and ruthless chieftain named Najib Khan. Najib's ambition was to
supplant the Moghal Emperor and crown himself as the ruler of India by
capturing Delhi.
The Marathas Liberate Punjab
But the growing power of the Marathas in their northward expansion, stood
between Najib and his ambition. To overcome the Marathas, in 1755, Najib
invited Ahmed Shah Abdali from Afghanistan to help him in defeating the
Marathas and crown himself the ruler of India. In this, he was thwarted by
the Marathas who decisively defeated the Rohillas and Afghans near Delhi in
1756. The defeat was so decisive that Najib Khan surrendered to the Marathas
and became their prisoner. The Maratha forces were led by Shrimant Raghunath
Rao and Malhar Rao Holkar.
After defeating the Afghan-Rohilla forces, the Marathas pursued the Afghans
into the Punjab and beyond up to the Khyber pass. The last frontier of the
Marathas was at Attock in today's NWFP (or Paktoonistan) on the Afghan
border. (This campaign of the Marathas led by Shrimant Raghunath Rao is
called as Raghu's Bharari - i.e. whirlwind campaign.
Thus after nearly 800 after the last Punjabi King Tirlochan Pal Shahi had
been defeated by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1020 C.E. did that part of India come
under Indian rule in 1756 due to the liberation of Punjab by the Marathas.
The Dawn of Swarajya
Shivaji Maharaj gave hope
to the people of Maharashtra in particular
and of India in general by his dream of Hindavi Swaraj.
Maratha Rule gave Indians a sense of self-confidence in themselves
apart from the relief from brutal Muslim Tyranny.
Meanwhile with machinations and trickery, Najib Khan won over Malhar Rao
Holkar and secured his release. On his release Najib started to undermine
the Marathas once again and treacherously killed Dattaji Shinde (eldest
brother of Mahadji Shinde). Najib continued to battle the Shindes in 1757-58
and with his newly found confidence again invited Ahmed Shah Abdali to
invade India.
PANIPAT - A Result of Court Intrigues at Pune
The court intrigues at Shaniwarwada in Pune between Gopikabai (Peshwa Balaji
Baji Rao's wife) and Anandibai (Raghunath Rao's wife) led to the
sidetracking of Raghunath Rao in favour of the Peshwas cousin, Sadashiv Rao
Bhau (along with Viswas Rao the Peshwa's son and successor) as the Supreme
commander of the Maratha forces that were to give battle to Abdali a second
time. It was unfortunate for the Marathas, that due to rivalries, a
successful commander like Raghunath Rao was bypassed in favour of another
general.
Had the Battle of Panipat been won by the Marathas, it would have changed
the subsequent history of India and perhaps if there had been more astute
rulers like Shrimant Thorle Madhav Rao, India's development might have
resembled that of the Asian miracle nation - Japan. (This conjecture is
based on the assumption of a strong domestic political power with a
corollary of wise economic policy to encourage industrial growth as happened
in Japan.)
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The 3rd Battle of Panipat
When Abdali launched his second invasion in 1759 the Marathas who after
their successes in 1756 had been hibernating in Maharashtra and Central
India again woke up and in alliance with the Jat King Suraj Mal of Bharatpur
formed an alliance. This alliance led by Shrimant Sadshiv Rao Bhau and
Shrimant Vishwas Rao (the Peshwa Shrimant Balaji Baji Rao's son) won
spectacular victories and captured Delhi and Kunjapura (where the Afghan
treasury and armoury was located). Here the alliance developed cracks due to
the Maratha insistence on not allowing the Jats to loot Delhi. This
ultimately split the alliance and Suraj Mal withdrew from the alliance. The
Marathas consequently marched upto Panipat, but instead of continuing their
attacks to completely defeat the partly defeated Abdali and Najib Khan, they
stayed put at Panipat, blocking the way of the Afghans back to Afghanistan.
Seeing their way back to their homeland blocked, the Afghans now became
restless. They in turn, decided to block the way of the Marathas back into
the Deccan.
Stand-off for one year
This stand-off continued for one whole year from the 14th of January 1760 up
to the 14th of January 1761. This led to the fall in the morale of the
stranded Marathas and ultimatley led to their defeat at Panipat. The Marathi
term "Sankrant Kosalali" meaing "Sankranth has befallen us" comes from this
event. During this stand-off the Afghans cut-off all supplies to the huge
Maratha army. The Afghans with Najib Khan meanwhile also recaptured Delhi
and Kunjpura. On the decisive day of 14th January 1761 (Makar Sankranti),
the Marathas decided to break-through the Afghan blockade and re-enter
Deccan. The disastrous battle saw about one hundred thousand Maratha troops
being slaughtered in a matter of eight hours. But the Afghans too suffered
heavy losses and decided enough was enough and went back to Afghanistan
never to return to India.
The defeat of the Marathas and the withdrawal of the Afghans created a power
vacuum in North India in the period 1761-1790. It was this vacuum that was
filled up by the rising British power. But more of this later.
The Peshwa Shrimant Madhav Rao the first, receiving a petition from a
representative of the British. Madhav Rao, was the last of the astute
Maratha rulers. His rule in the post-Panipat phase consolidated the
weakening Maratha power which was to result in the initial Maratha successes
against the British at the Battle of Talegaon in 1782 (1st Anglo-Maratha
War) and at the Battle of Assaye (2nd Anglo-Maratha War) some years later.
The Sikhs meanwhile united under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and
carried on the unfinished task of the Marathas. The Sikh general Jussa Singh
Ahluwalia invaded Abdali's kingdom, defeated Abdali ignominiously and
captured his capital city of Kabul. The saffron flag (Nishan Saheb) then
fluttered over Kabul after a gap of 800 years after Raja Jaya Pal Shahi lost
the city to Sabuktagin in 980 C.E.
Mahadji Shinde was the most successful Maratha General of the post-Panipat
phase. He not only overcame the Rohillas under Najib Khan and the Nawab of
Oudh, but even the Mughal Emperor became a pensioner of Mahadji and received
an annual pension from him. Mahadji collected Chauth from all over North
India in the period 1761 to 1790. He even checkmated the British who had to
concede dominion over north India to him under the Treaty of Salbai.
Mahadji Shinde
Meanwhile in India proper, in the period between 1761 and 1790, the Maratha
power was consolidated by Mahadji Shinde, Nana Phadnavis and Shrimant Madhav
Rao Peshwa. Mahadji Shinde took initiative in military matters and he
successfully checked the British in the first Anglo-Maratha war. Later of
course, the Marathas were to succcumb to the British in after the third
Anglo-Maratha war of 1817.
Nana Phadnavis was machiavellian minister of the Peshwa Shrimant Madhav
Rao. He played a crucial role in the defeat of the British in the first
Anglo-Maratha War at Talegaon 1782 that resulted in the Treaty of Salbai
between the Marathas and the British.
Maratha Rule did not Change the Feudal Relations of Production and
Distribution
But as far as changing the feudal economic relations were concerned, the
Maratha rule did nothing. The feudal relations remained intact. Politically
speaking too, the Maratha intermission from around 1720 to 1790 was too
brief a period and though the writ of the Marathas ran in the whole of
western India with parts of the north and south under their domination they
could not bring the entire country uniformly under their rule. And in those
parts of the country they ruled, the feudal relations did not undergo any
fundamental change apart from the abolition of the Jazia penal tax levied on
the Hindus by the Muslim rulers and general freedom from religious
persecution of petty Muslim chieftains and representative of the Muslim
monarchy based at Delhi.
The Statue of Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj
at Shivaji Park in Mumbai.
The spirit of Shivaji Maharaj
continues to motivate the people even today.
In other respects the change of rulership from the Muslims to the Marathas
did not represent a departure from the feudal relations of production and
distribution The next stage in socio-economic development and new forms of
landed property came about with the decline of feudal relations and the
medium which brought this about was British colonialism.
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This biography of Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj is in English. Well researched and authentic documentation by Shri Gajanan Bhaskar Mehendale. I recommend to one and all who love to read the the facts of life of Shivaji Maharaj.
Dr. Madhukar Ambekar.
WHILE a lot is known about Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, what continues to remain a mystery is the existence of his original swords.Which is why, time and again, the issue returns to haunt those who to try to trace the missing blades.
This time around, it was the information received by home minister L.K. Advani which put the swords back into news. During his five-day tour of Spain last month, Spanish researchers revealed that one of Shivaji's swords, called Bhawani, was made by craftsmen in Toledo, an industrial township which has excelled in the production of weaponry.
"Yes, it can be true because there has been documentary evidence to show that swords had been imported from Spain because of the quality of steel and the mastery of its workers in designing swords and knives," confirms historian Babasaheb Purandare. According to Purandare, Shivaji possessed three swords which were named Bhawani, Jagdamba and Tulja.
Bhawani, it is believed, is now in the custody of Udayraje Bhosale of Satara who is a direct descendent of Shivaji. "But," says historian Ninad Bedekar, "the sword has been inscribed with the name of Shahu Chhatrapati. As such, this leaves room for doubt about whether this is the same sword as used by the Maratha king." There is, however, no controversy about the originality of Jagdamba which was gifted to Edward VII, the Prince of Wales, during his visit to India. It is now a part of the Indian treasure that adorns Buckingham Palace in London. As for Tulja, the scent for that trail was lost a long time back.
"Essentially," elaborates Bedekar, "there is no written description of the swords available anywhere. That makes it difficult to establish the authenticity of the claims made from time to time.
The only written narrative available is that of the sheath which was penned by a Dutchman called Herbet Jagger." It is this unknown factor which has also prompted a few antique collectors to try and make a fast buck by announcing the find of the original sword(s). "The most famous case on record is that of an antique dealer called Modi who, back in 1930, had come across a sword with an inscription that he claimed proved its ownership. He wanted a price of Rs 10,000 (a hefty amount in those days) and there was quite a hue and cry about this case. Eventually, the buyer of that sword and the answer to whether it was really genuine never came to light," recalls Purandare.
Meanwhile, the Toledo angle has excited historians all over again. And Babasaheb Purandare feels that the government should ask the Spanish authorities to provide a detailed account of the manufacturer's markings on Bhawani, so that these can be compared with the sword in the custody of Udayraje Bhosale. "It is so important to get the record straight," says Purandare. Those who swear by Shivaji will no doubt agree that the effort would be worth it.
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рдЕрдорд░ाрдаी рднाрд╖िрдХांрдиाрд╣ि рдк्рд░ेрд░рдгा рджेрдгाрд░े рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдп !!!
рдЫрдд्рд░рдкрддि рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪे рдХाрд░्рдп,рд╢ौрд░्рдп,рд░ाрдЬрдиिрддी,рдоुрдд्рд╕рдж्рджीрдкрдгा рд╣े рд╕рд░्рд╡ рдХेрд╡рд│ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдЪ्рдпा рдЪौрдХрдЯीрдордз्рдпे рдмंрджिрд╕्рдд рд░рд╣ाрдгे рд╢рдХ्рдпрдЪ рдиाрд╣ी.рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪे рд╕्рд╡рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрдЪे рдЙрдж्рджीрд╖्рдЯ,рдд्рдпाрдоाрдЧрдЪी рднुрдоिрдХा,рдпेрдеे рдПрддрдж्рджेрд╢िрдпांрдЪे рд╕рдорддेрдЪे ,рдордорддेрдЪे, рд╕ुрдЦाрдЪे рд╣िंрджрд╡ी рд╕्рд╡рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдиिрд░्рдоाрдг рд╡्рд╣ाрд╡े рд╣ी рддो рдк्рд░рднुрдЪीрдЪ рдЗрдЪ्рдЫा рд╣े рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪे рдордиोрдЧрдд рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдмाрд╣ेрд░рдЪे рд╡िрдЪाрд░рд╡ंрддाрдиाрд╣ि рдЙрдордЧрд▓े рд╣ोрддे,рдЖрд╣े.рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬ рд╣े рдХेрд╡рд│ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдЪेрдЪ рдиेрддे рдирд╡्рд╣рддे рддрд░ рддे рд╕рд░्рд╡ рднाрд░рддाрдЪे рдЖрджрд░्рд╢ рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкुрд░ुрд╖ рд╣ोрддे рдЕрд╢ी рднाрд╡рдиा рднाрд░рддीрдп рд╡िрдЪाрд░рд╡ंрдд рдЕрди рдк्рд░рддिрднाрд╡ंрдд рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдордиाрдд рд╢िрд╡рдХाрд▓ाрдд рдЕрди рдиंрддрд░рд╣ि рдиिрд░्рдоाрдг рдЭाрд▓ी рд╣ोрддी рдЕрди рдЖрдЬрд╣ी рддी рдХाрдпрдо рдЖрд╣े.рдо्рд╣рдгुрдирдЪ рдорд░ाрдаी рдмрд░ोрдмрд░рдЪ рднाрд░рддाрдЪ्рдпा рдЕрдиेрдХ рднाрд╖ांрдордз्рдпे рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпाрд╡рд░ рдЦंрдбрдХाрд╡्рдпे,
рдорд╣ाрдХाрд╡्рдпे рдЖрдгि рд╕्рдлुрдЯ рдХाрд╡्рдпे рдиिрд░्рдоाрдг рдЭाрд▓ी.рдЗрддрд░ рднाрд╖ेрдордз्рдпे рдЧрдз्рдп рдЕрди рд╡िрд╡ेрдЪрдХ рдЪрд░िрдд्рд░ेрд╣ि рд▓िрд╣िрд▓ी рдЧेрд▓ी рдпाрдд рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪे рдеोрд░рдкрдг рд▓рдХ्рд╖ाрдд рдпेрддे.
рдкрд░рдоाрдиंрдж рдиेрд╡ाрд╕рдХрд░ рд╣े рдорд╣ाрдХрд╡ि рддрд░ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдиा рд╕рдордХाрд▓ीрдирдЪ рд╣ोрддे.рдд्рдпाрдиी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪे рдЪрд░िрдд्рд░'рд╢िрд╡рднाрд░рдд"рд╣े рд╕ंрд╕्рдХ्рд░ूрддрдордз्рдпे рд▓िрд╣िрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.рдд्рдпाрдЪ рдХाрд│ाрдд рдЬрдпрд░ाрдо рдкिंрдбे рдпांрдиी"рдкрд░्рдгाрд▓рдкрд░्рд╡рддрдЧ्рд░рд╣рдгाрдЦ्рдпाрди"рдордз्рдпे рдкрди्рд╣ाрд│ा рдШेрддрд▓ा рдпाрдЪे рд╡рд░्рдгрди рдХेрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.
рдЖрдгрдЦीрд╣ि рдПрдХ рд╕ंрдХрд░्рд╖рдг рд╕рдХрд│рдХрд│े рдпांрдЪे рд╢िрд╡рдХाрд╡्рдп рдк्рд░рдХाрд╢ाрдд рдЖрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.рдд्рдпाрдордз्рдпे рдЪंрдж्рд░рд░ाрд╡ рдоोрд░े рдпांрдЪे рдкाрд░िрдкाрдд्рдп,рдХрд▓्рдпाрдг-рднिрд╡ंрдбीрдЪी рдоोрд╣िрдо, рдЕрдлрдЭрд▓рдЦाрди рд╡рдз рд╣े рддीрди рдорд╣рдд्рд╡ाрдЪे рдк्рд░рд╕ंрдЧ рдд्рдпाрдд рд╡рд░्рдгिрд▓े рдЖрд╣ेрдд.рд╕рдорд░्рдеाрдиी рддрд░ рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рд╡ेрдЧрд│्рдпा рд╡ेрдЧрд│्рдпा рд╕्рд╡рднाрд╡ाрдЪे,рд╡ेрдЧрд╡ेрдЧрд│्рдпा рдкैрд▓ुंрдЪे рд╕ुंрджрд░ рд╡рд░्рдгрди рдХेрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.рдЕрдж्рдиाрдирджाрд╕ рдпा рд╢ाрд╣िрд░ाрдиे рдЕрдлрдЭрд▓рдЦाрди рд╡рдзाрд╡рд░ рдмрд╣ाрдж्рджрд░ рдкोрд╡ाрдбा рд░рдЪрд▓ा рдЖрд╣े.рд░ाрдордЪंрдж्рд░рдкंрдд рдЖрдоाрдд्рдп рд╣े рдЕрд╖्рдЯрдк्рд░рдзाрдиाрддीрд▓ рдПрдХ рдк्рд░рдзाрди.рдд्рдпाрдиी "рдЖрдж्рди्рдпाрдкрдд्рд░ा"рдордз्рдпे рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪ्рдпा рд░ाрдЬ्рдпрд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеेрдмрдж्рджрд▓ рдЕрддिрд╢рдп рдпोрдЧ्рдп рд╢рдм्рджाрдордз्рдпे рд╡рд░्рдгрди рдХेрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.
рднूрд╖рдг рд╣ा рдк्рд░рдЦ्рдпाрдд рд╣िंрджी (рдм्рд░рдЬ рднाрд╖ेрдордзिрд▓)рдХрд╡ि.рдд्рдпाрдиे рддрд░ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪ्рдпा рдоोрд╣िрдоा рдк्рд░рдд्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рдкाрд╣िрд▓्рдпा рдЖрд╣ेрдд.
рд╢िрд╡рднुрд╖рдг рдЕрди рд╢िрд╡ाрдмाрд╡рдиी рдЕрд╢ी рджोрди рдЕрддिрд╢рдп рд╕ुंрджрд░ рдм्рд░рдЬ рднाрд╖ेрддिрд▓ рдХाрд╡्рдпे рдд्рдпाрдиे рд░рдЪрд▓ी рдЖрд╣ेрдд.рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪ्рдпा резрек рдЧुрдгांрдЪे рд╡рд░्рдгрди рдд्рдпाрдиे рдПрдХा рдЫंрджाрдордз्рдпे рдХेрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.......рд╕ुंрджрд░рддा,рдЧुрд░ूрддा,рдк्рд░рднुрддा,рднрдиि рднूрд╖рди рд╣ोрдд рд╣ै рдЖрджрд░ рдЬाрдоे !
рд╕рдЬ्рдЬрдиाрддा рдФ,рджрдпाрд▓ुрддा,рджिрдирддा,рдХोрдорд▓рддा рдЭрд▓рдХे рдк्рд░рдЬाрдоे !!
рджाрди рдХ्рд░ुрдкाрдирд╣ु рдХो рдХрд░िрдмो,рдХрд░िрдмो рдЕрднрдп рджिрдирдирдХो рдмрд░рдЬाрдоे !
рд╕ाрд╣рд╕рдиों рд░рди рдаेрдХ,рд╡िрд╡ेрдХ,рдЗрддे рдЧुрди рдПрдХ рд╕िрд╡ा рд╕рд░рдЬा рдоे !!!!
рд╣िंрджू рдзрд░्рдо,рд╣िंрджू рд╕ंрд╕्рдХ्рд░ूрддी,рдХुрд│рдзрд░्рдо,рдХुрд│ाрдЪाрд░ाрдЪ्рдпा рдЖрдзाрд░े рдЪाрд▓рдгाрд░ी рд╣िंрджू рдкрд░ंрдкрд░ा рдпांрдЪे рд░рдХ्рд╖рдг рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпा рддрд▓рд╡ाрд░ीрдЪ्рдпा рдЬोрд░ाрд╡рд░ рдХेрд▓्рдпाрдЪा рдЙрд▓्рд▓ेрдЦ рдПрдХा рдХрд╡рдиाрдордз्рдпे рдХрд░рддाрдиा рддो рдо्рд╣рдгрддो.....
рд╡ेрдж рд░ाрдЦे рд╡िрджिрдд рдкुрд░ाрди рд░ाрдЦे рд╕ाрд░рдпुрдд рд░ाрдордиाрдо рд░ाрдЦ्рдпो рдЕрддि рд░рд╕рдиा рд╕ुрдзाрд░ рдоे !
рд╣िंрджूрди рдХी рдЪोрдЯी рд░ाрдЦी рд╣ै рд╕िрдкाрд╣िрдирдХी,рдХांрдзेрдоे рдЬрдиेрдК рд░ाрдЦ्рдпो рдоाрд▓ा рд░ाрдЦी рдЧрд░рдоे !!рдоिрдбी рд░ाрдЦे рдоुрдЧрд▓ рдорд░ोрд░ि рд░ाрдЦे рдкाрддрд╕ाрд╣,рд╡ैрд░ी рдкीрд╕ि рд░ाрдЦे рд╡рд░рджा рд░ाрдЦ्рдпो рдХрд░рдоे !
рд░ाрдЬрди рдХी рд╣рдж्рдж рд░ाрдЦी рддेрдЧ рдмрд▓ рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдЬ,рджेрд╡рд░ाрдЦे рджेрд╡рд▓ рд╕्рд╡рдзрд░рдо рд░ाрдЦ्рдпो рдШрд░ рдоे !!!!
рдЕрд░्рде --рд╢िрд╡рдЬीрд░ाрдЬाрдиे рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпा рддрд▓рд╡ाрд░ीрдЪ्рдпा рдЬोрд░ाрд╡рд░ рд╡ेрдж рдЖрдгि рдкुрд░ाрдгे рдпांрдЪे рд╕ंрд░рдХ्рд╖рдг рдХेрд▓े.рд╕рд░्рд╡рд╕्рд╡ाрдЪे рд╕ाрд░ рдЕрд╕े рдЬे рд░ाрдордиाрдо рддे рд╣िंрджूंрдЪ्рдпा рдЬिрд╡्рд╣ेрд╡рд░ рдХाрдпрдо рдаेрд╡рд▓े.рд╣िंрджूंрдЪी рд╢ेंрдбी рд░ाрдЦрд▓ी рдЖрдгि рд╢िрдкाрдпांрдЪी рд░ोрдЯी(рдКрдкрдЬीрд╡िрдХा)рдЪाрд▓рд╡िрд▓ी. рдЦांрдз्рдпांрд╡рд░ीрд▓ рдЬाрдирд╡ी рдЕрди рдЧрд│्рдпाрддीрд▓ рдоाрд▓ा рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖िрдд рдаेрд╡рд▓्рдпा.рдоोंрдЧрд▓ांрдЪे рд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеिрдд рдорд░्рджрди рдХेрд▓े рдЕрди рдмाрджрд╢рд╣ाрд╕ рдоुрд░рдЧाрд│ूрди рдЯाрдХрд▓े.рд╢рдд्рд░ूंрдЪे рдЪूрд░्рдг рдХेрд▓े.рдЗрддрдХे рдХрд░ुрди рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпा рд╣ाрддी рд╡рд░ рджेрдг्рдпाрдЪा рдЕрдзिрдХाрд░ рдаेрд╡рд▓ा.рджेрд╡рд│ाрдд рджेрд╡ рдЕрди рдШрд░ाрдд рдХुрд▓рдзрд░्рдо рдХुрд▓ाрдЪाрд░ рдХाрдпрдо рдаेрд╡рд▓े.(релрез)
рдмंрдЧाрд▓рдЪे рд╕ंрд╕्рдХ्рд░ूрдд рдХрд╡ी рдХाрд▓िрджाрд╕ рд╡िрдз्рдпाрд╡िрдиोрдж "рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдЪрд░िрддрдо्"рдиाрд╡ाрдЪे рдХाрд╡्рдп рд▓िрд╣िрд▓े рдЕрд╕ूрди рддे рдХрд▓рдХрдд्рдд्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рд╕ंрд╕्рдХ्рд░ूрдд рд╕ाрд╣िрдд्рдп рдкрдд्рд░िрдХेрдЪ्рдпा резрез рд╡्рдпा рдЕंрдХाрдд рдк्рд░рдХाрд╢िрдд рдЭाрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.рдмंрдЧाрд▓рдордзीрд▓ рд╢्рд░ी.рдЕंрдмिрдХाрджрдд्рдд рд╡्рдпाрд╕ рдпा рдорд╣ाрдХрд╡ीрдиे рдк्рд░рдЧрд▓्рдн рдЖрдгि рдмाрдгрднрдЯ्рдЯ рд╢ैрд▓ीрдд"рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдЬ рд╡िрдЬрдпрдо्" рдиाрд╡ाрдЪे рдЧрдз्рдп рдЪрд░िрдд्рд░ рд▓िрд╣िрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.рдбॉ.рд╢्рд░ी.рднा.рд╡рд░्рдгेрдХрд░ рдпा рд╡िрдЦ्рдпाрдд рд╕ंрд╕्рдХ्рд░ूрдд рдкंрдбिрддाрдиे"рд╢्рд░ीрд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдЬ्рдпोрджрд░рдо्" рдиाрд╡рдЪे рд╕рд░्рдЧрдмрдж्рдз рдорд╣ाрдХाрд╡्рдп рд▓िрд╣िрд▓े рдЖрд╣े
рдмंрдЧाрд▓рдордз्рдпे рдЧुрд░ुрджेрд╡ рд░рд╡ींрдж्рд░рдиाрде рдЯाрдЧोрд░ рдпांрдиी рд╢िрдЫрдд्рд░рдкрддिंрд╡рд░ рдПрдХ рджिрд░्рдШ рдХрд╡िрддा рд▓िрд╣ूрди рдмंрдЧाрд▓ी рддрд░ुрдгांрдиा рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪा рдЖрджрд░्рд╢ рдаेрд╡рдг्рдпाрдмрдж्рджрд▓ рдЖрд╡ाрд╣рди рдХेрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.рдЫिрди्рди,рд╡िрдШрдЯिрдд рднाрд░рдд рдПрдХ рдзрд░्рдорд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдкाрд╢ाрдд рдмांрдзрдг्рдпाрдЪी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬ्рдпांрдЪी рдЖрдХांрдХ्рд╖ा рдд्рдпांрдиा рдЕрдиुрдХрд░рдгीрдп рд╡ाрдЯрд▓ी рдЖрд╣े.рддे рдо्рд╣рдгрддाрдд.- - -...
рдХोрди рджूрд░ рд╢рддाрдм्рджेрд░,рдХोрди рдПрдХ рдЕрдЦ्рдпाрдд рджिрд╡рд╕ेрдиाрд╣ि рдЬाрдиि рдЖрдЬि
рдорд░ाрдаाрд░ рдХोрди рд╢ैрд▓े рдЕрд░рдг्рдпेрд░ рдЕंрдзрдХाрд░े рдмрд╕े рд╣े рд░ाрдЬा рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी
рддрд╡ рднाрд▓ рдЙрджрднाрд╕िрдпा рдП рднाрд╡рдиा рддрдбिрдд्рдк्рд░рднाрд╡рдд рдПрд╕े рдЫिрд╡ो рдиाрдоि
рдПрдХ рдзрд░्рдорд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдкाрд╢े рдЦंрдб рдЫिрди्рди рд╡िрдХ्рд╖िрдк्рдд рднाрд░рдд рд╡ंрджे рджिрд╡ो рдЖрдоि !!
рд╢्рд░ी.рд╡ा.рдн.рдмोрд░рдХрд░ांрдиी рдпाрдЪा рд╕ुंрджрд░ рдЕрдиुрд╡ाрдж рдЕрд╕ा рдХेрд▓ा рдЖрд╣े----
рдХрд╡рдг рджूрд░ рд╢рддрдХाрдЪ्рдпा рдХрд╡рдг्рдпा рдЕрд╢्рд░ुрдд рджिрд╡рд╢ी рдХेंрд╡्рд╣ा
рдиाрд╣ी рдаाрдЙрдХे рдЖрдЬ рдХрд╡рдг рдорд░ाрдаी рд╢ैрд▓ी рдмрд╕рд▓ा
рдХाрдирди рдШрди рдЕंрдзाрд░ी рдк्рд░рднु рддुрдо्рд╣ी рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдЬ
рддрдбिрдд्рдк्рд░рднाрд╡рдд рдПрдХ рднाрд╡рдиा рдЙрдЬрд│ीрдд рддुрдордЪ्рдпा рднाрд│ा
рд╕्рдеिрд░ाрд╡рд▓ी рд╣्рд░ुрджрдпाрдд рдЫिрди्рди рд╡िрдЦंрдбिрдд рдХ्рд╖िрдк्рдд рднाрд░рддा
рд╕ांрдзिрдд рдмांрдзिрдд рдПрдХ рдзрд░्рдорд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдкाрд╢ाрдд !
рд╢्рд░ी.рдЬोрдЧेंрдж्рд░рдиाрде рдмрд╕ू рдпांрдЪे "рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी" рд╣े рдЦंрдбрдХाрд╡्рдп рдЕрд╕ेрдЪ рдк्рд░ेрд░рдгाрджाрдпрдХ рдЖрд╣े.рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪ्рдпा рд░ाрдЬ्рдпрд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеेрдЪे рд╡рд░्рдгрди рдХрд░рддाрдиा рддे рд▓िрд╣िрддाрдд----
рдж्рди्рдпाрдиी рдЧुрдгी рдоंрдд्рд░ी рдЬрди рдЕрд▓ंрдХ्рд░ुрдд рд╕рднा
рдзрдирдкूрд░्рдг рд░ाрдЬрдХोрд╖ рд╕ुрдЦी рдк्рд░рдЬाрдЧрдг
рд░ाрдорд░ाрдЬ्рдпे рдпрдеा рдмрд╕े рдиिрд╢्рдЪिрдд рдиिрд░्рднрдп
рд╕्рдиेрд╣े рдк्рд░ेрдоे рдмрдж्рдз рдн्рд░ुрдд्рдп рд╕ैрдиिрдХ рд╕рдЪिрд╡
рдЕрд░्рде---рд╢िрд╡рдЫрдд्рд░рдкрддिंрдЪे рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рд╣े рд░ाрдорд░ाрдЬ्рдп рд╣ोрддे.рдж्рди्рдпाрдиी,рдЧुрдгी,рдоंрдд्рд░ीрдЧрдгाрдиी рд░ाрдЬрд╕рднा рднूрд╖िрдд рд╣ोрддी.рд░ाрдЬрдХोрд╖рд╣ि рднрд░рд▓ेрд▓ा рдЕрд╕ूрди рдк्рд░рдЬा рд╕ुрдЦी рд╣ोрддी.рд╕ैрдиिрдХ рдоंрдд्рд░ी рдЖрдгि рд╕ेрд╡рдХ рд╕्рдиेрд╣ाрдЪ्рдпा рдкाрд╢ाрдиे рдмांрдзрд▓ेрд▓े рд╣ोрддे.
рд╢рдЪिрди рд╕ेрди рдЧुрдк्рддांрдиी рдмंрдЧाрд▓ी рднाрд╖ेрдд рдПрдХ рдиाрдЯрдХ рд▓िрд╣िрд▓े рдЖрд╣े." рдЧैрд░िрдХ рдкрддाрдХा " рдпा рдиाрдЯрдХाрдЪ्рдпा рдк्рд░ाрд░ंрднीрдЪ рднрд╡ाрдиी рдоंрджिрд░ाрдд рддाрдиाрдЬीрд▓ा рдЖрдкрд▓ा рдЙрдж्рджेрд╢ рд╕ांрдЧрддांрдиा рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬ рдо्рд╣рдгрддाрдд---- "рдЖрдоि рддाрдЗ рд╢рдХ्рддिрд░ рдЖрд░ाрдзрдиा рдХोрд░рдЫि,рдЖрдоि рддोрд╣рд░ी рдХोрд░рддे рдЪाрдЗрдЫि рдПрдордиी рдПрдХрдЯा рдЬाрддि,рдЬाрд░ рдк्рд░рддिрдЯी рдоाрдиुрд╖ рд╕рдХрд▓ рдЕрдзिрдХाрд░ рдЖрдпрдд рдХोрд░ рдзрд░рдгीрд░ рдмूрдХे рдмेрдбे рдЙрдарддे рдкाрд░े рддाрд░рдИ рдЬрди्рдп рдЖрдоाрд░ рд░ाрдЬ्рдпेрд░ рдк्рд░рдпोрдЬрди" 'рдЧैрд░िрдХ рдкрддाрдХा' рдоुрд│े рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдмंрдЧाрд▓ी рд╣्рд░ुрджрдпाрдд рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬीрд░ाрдЬांрдЪी рдПрдХ рдУрдЬрд╕्рд╡ी рдЕрд╢्рд╡ाрд░ुрдв рдоूрд░्рддी рд╕्рдеाрдкрди рдЭाрд▓ी рдЖрд╣े.рд╕ोрдиाрд░ рдмांрдЧрд▓ाрдордз्рдпे рд▓ोрдХрдоाрди्рдп рдЯिрд│рдХांрдиी рд╢िрд╡рдЬрдпंрддी рдЙрдд्рд╕рд╡ рд╕ुрд░ु рдХेрд▓ा.рд╡ंрдЧ рднंрдЧ рдЖंрджोрд▓рди рдШрдбрд╡ूрди рдЖрдгрд▓े.
рд╢्рд░ी.рдЭрд╡ेрд░рдЪंрдж рдоेрдШाрдгी рд╣े рдЧुрдЬрд░ाрдердЪे рдПрдХ рдиाрд╡ाрдЬрд▓ेрд▓े рдХрд╡ी рдд्рдпाрдиी "рд╣ाрд▓ рд░рдб्рдбु" рдпा рдиाрд╡ाрдиे рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪा рдПрдХ рдЙрдд्рдХ्рд░ुрд╖्рдЯ рдкाрд│рдгा рд▓िрд╣िрд▓ा рдЖрд╣े рдд्рдпाрдордзीрд▓ рдХांрд╣ी рдУрд│ рдЕрд╢ा----рдЕрднрдоां рдЙрдЧेрд▓ рдЪांрджрд▓ोрдиे рдЬिрдЬाрдмाрдЗрдиे рдЖрд╡्рдпा рдмाрд│,рдмाрд│рдбाрдиो рдоाрдд рд╣िंрдЪोрд│े рдШрдгрдШрдг рдбрдЧрд░ा рдмोрд▓े.рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬीрдиे рдиींрджрд░ू рдиाрд╡े рдоाрддा рдЬिрдЬाрдмाрдИ рдЭुрд▓ाрд╡े,рдкेрддрдоां рдкोрдЯीрдиे рд╕ांрднाрд│ेрд▓ी рдмाрд│े рд░ाрдо рд▓рдХ्рд╖्рдордг рдиी рдмाрдд,рдоाрддाрдЬीрдиे рдоुрдЦрдЬे рджी рдеी рдКрдбी рдПрдиी рдКंрдШрддे рджी рдеी !
рдЕрд░्рде...рдЖрдХाрд╢ाрдд рдЪंрдж्рд░ рдЙрдЧрд╡рд▓ा.рдЖрдгि рдЬिрдЬाрдКंрдЪ्рдпा рдкोрдЯी рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдЬрди्рдоाрд▓ा рдЖрд▓ा.рдмाрд▓рдХाрд▓ा рдЬिрдЬाрдмाрдИ рдЖंрджुрд│рддे рдЖрд╣े.рдкрдг рдмाрдЬूрд▓ाрдЪ рдбोंрдЧрд░ाрдбोंрдЧрд░ाрдд рд╕ंрдХрдЯाрдЪा рдШрдгрдШрдг рдЕрд╕ा рдЖрд╡ाрдЬ рдШुрдорддो рдЖрд╣े.рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рд╢िрд╡рдмाрдмाрд│ाрд▓ा рдХाрд╣ी рдЭोрдк рд▓ाрдЧрдд рдиाрд╣ी.рдкोрдЯाрдд рдЕрд╕рддाрдиाрдЪ рдЖрдИрдЪ्рдпा рддोंрдбूрди рдРрдХрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рд░ाрдо рд▓рдХ्рд╖рдордгांрдЪ्рдпा рдЧोрд╖्рдЯींрдиी рдд्рдпाрдЪी рдЭोрдк рдкाрд░ рдЙрдбाрд▓ी рдЖрд╣े
рд╢्рд░ी.рд╡ाрдорди рд╕िрддाрд░ाрдо рдоुрдХाрджрдо рдпांрдиी рдЧुрдЬрд░ाрдеी рдордз्рдпे релреореж рдкाрдиांрдЪे рд╢िрд╡рдЪрд░िрдд्рд░ рд▓िрд╣िрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.рд╣िрди्рджी рднाрд╖ेрдордз्рдпे рд╢िрд╡рдЪрд░िрдд्рд░ाрд╡рд░ рд╕рд╣ा рдорд╣ाрдХाрд╡्рдпे рдЕрд╕ुрди рдЦंрдбрдХाрд╡्рдпे рдмрд░ीрдЪ рдЖрд╣ेрдд.рд╢्рд░ी рдХेрджाрд░рдиाрде рдоिрд╢्рд░ рдпांрдЪे 'рд░рдХ्рдд рдХे рдЕрдХ्рд╖рд░" рд╣े рдЦंрдб рдлाрд░рдЪ рдЙрджрдмोрдзрдХ рдЖрд╣े.рдбॉ.рд╕ुрд░ेрди्рдж्рд░рдиाрде рд╕ेрди рдпांрдиी рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪी' рдкрд░рдХिрдпांрдиी рд▓िрд╣िрд▓ेрд▓ी рдЪрд░िрдд्рд░े 'рдпा рдиांрд╡ाрдЪा рдЧ्рд░ंрде рд╕ंрдкाрджिрдд рдХेрд▓ा рдЕрд╕ूрди рдд्рдпाрдд рдл्рд░ाрди्рд╕िрд╕ рдоाрд░्рдЯीрди (рдл्рд░ेंрдЪ),рдХॉрд╕्рдоा рдж рдЧाрд░्рдбा (рдкोрд░्рддुрдЧीрдЬ)рд╡ рдЕрди्рдп рдбрдЪ рд▓ेрдЦрдХांрдиी рд▓ेрдЦрдХांрдиी рд▓िрд╣िрд▓ेрд▓ी рдоाрд╣िрддी рдПрдХрдд्рд░ рдХेрд▓ी рдЖрд╣े.
рдЦाрдлीрдЦाрди рд╣ा рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪा рдХрдЯ्рдЯрд░ рдж्рд╡ेрд╖्рдЯा рдпाрдиे рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрд╡िрд╖рдпी рдлाрд░्рд╕ी рднाрд╖ेрдд рд▓िрд╣िрд▓े рдЖрд╣े " рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬीрдиे рд╕рд░्рд╡рдХाрд▓ рд╕्рд╡рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдк्рд░рдЬेрдЪा рдоाрди рд░ाрдЦрдг्рдпाрдЪा рдк्рд░рдпрдд्рди рдХेрд▓ा.рд▓рдЬ्рдЬрд╕्рдкрдж рдХ्рд░ुрдд्рдпांрдкाрд╕ूрди рддो рд╕рджैрд╡ рдЕрд▓िрдк्рдд рд░ाрд╣िрд▓ा.рдоुрд╕рд▓рдоाрди рд╕्рдд्рд░िрдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдЕрдм्рд░ूंрдЪे рдд्рдпाрдиे рджрдХ्рд╖рдкрдгे рд░рдХ्рд╖рдгрдЪ рдХेрд▓े.рдоुрд╕рд▓рдоाрди рдоुрд▓ांрдЪेрд╣ि рдд्рдпाрдиे рд░рдХ्рд╖рдг рдХेрд▓े.рдпा рдмाрдмрддीрдд рдд्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдЖрдж्рди्рдпा рдлाрд░ рдХрдбрдХ рд╣ोрдд्рдпा.рдЬो рдХोрдгी рдпा рдЕрдж्рди्рдпांрдЪा рднंрдЧ рдХрд░ीрд▓ рдд्рдпाрд▓ा рддो рдХрдбрдХ рд╢ाрд╕рди рдХрд░ीрдд рдЕрд╕े."
рд╢्рд░ी.рдХोрдоाрд░ाрдЬू рд╡ेंрдХрдЯ рд▓рдХ्рд╖рдгрд░ाрд╡ рд╣े рддेрд▓рдЧू рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕рдХाрд░ांрдЪे рдЕрдЧ्рд░рдгी рд╕рдордЬрд▓े рдЬाрддाрдд.рдд्рдпांрдиी рддेрд▓рдЧू рднाрд╖ेрддीрд▓ " рд╢िрд╡рднाрд░рддрдо "рдиाрд╡ाрдЪ्рдпा рдорд╣ाрдХाрд╡्рдпाрдордз्рдпे рддे рдо्рд╣рдгрддाрдд----
рдзीрд░ рдЧ्рд░рд╕рд░рдоूрд░्рддि рд╣рдЗंрджрд╡рдзрд░िрдд्рд░ी рднाрдЧ्рдп рд╕рдд्рдпाрдкрдирдо्!
рдк्рд░ाрд░ंрднुрдбु рджрдпाрдЧुрдгाрдо्рдмुрдзी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрди्рд╡рдпрдд्рддोрдо рд╕ुंрдбौ
рд╡ीрд░ рдХ्рд╖рдд्рд░ीрдп рдоौрд▓ी рджेрд╢рдордд рдЧोрд╡ेрджाрджि рд░рдХ्рд╖ाрд░्рдкिрдд
рдзीрд░рдо्рдпुंрдб рднрд╡ाрдиी рднрд╡рдд्рдд्рддुंрдб рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рд░ाрдЬु рд╕ाрдоाрди्рдпुрдбे !!
рдЕрд░्рде---рдзीрд░ोрджрдд्рддांрдЪा рдЕрдЧ्рд░ेрд╕рд░,рд╣िंрджुрднूрдоीрдЪ्рдпा рднाрдЧ्рдпोрджрдпाрдЪा рдк्рд░ाрд░ंрднрдХ,рджрдпेрдЪा рд╕ाрдЧрд░,рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдЪ्рдпा рдЪाрд░िрдд्рд░ाрдЪे рдк्рд░рддीрдХ,рд╡ीрд░ рдХ्рд╖рдд्рд░ीрдп.рдоौрд▓ी рджेрд╢,рдЧाрдпी рдЕрди рд╡ेрдж рдпांрдЪा рд░рдХ्рд╖рдгрдХрд░्рддा,рд▓рдХ्рд╖ीрдЪा рд▓ाрдбрдХा рдЕрди рднрд╡ाрдиीрдЪा рднрдХ्рдд рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬीрд░ाрдЬा рдЕрд╕ाрдорди्рдп рд╣ोрддा.
рдХрди्рдирдб рдХрд╡ी рд╢्рд░ी рдиिрд╡ाрд╕ рдпाрдиी рдоाрд╡рд│ेрдЧрд│ рдиाрд╡ाрдЪे рдХाрд╡्рдп рд░рдЪрд▓े рдЖрд╣े,рдд्рдпाрдордз्рдпे рддे рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдпांрдЪे рд╡рд░्рдгрди рдЕрд╕े рдХрд░рддाрдд-----
рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдп рд╢рдд्рд░ुрд░ाрдпрд░ рдЧंрдб рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдпрд░ рд╣рдЧेрдпрдЬрд╡рд░ाрдп
рддрд╡рдХिрдд рдо्рд▓ेंрдЪ्рдЫрд░ рдХрдд्рддрд▓े рддंрдбрдХे рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдп рдЪंрдб рдоाрд░्рддांрдб !!
рдЕрд░्рде--рд╢рдд्рд░ुрдиा рдкुрд░ुрди рдЙрд░рдгाрд░ा рд╡ рд╡ैрд░्рдпांрдЪा рдХрд░्рджрдирдХाрд│ рдЕрд╕ा рд╣ा рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдп рджुрд░्рджाрдд рдоेंрдЪ्рдЫ рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдЕंрдзрдХाрд░ाрдЪा рдиाрд╢ рдХрд░ुрди рдЪंрдб рд╕ूрд░्рдпाрдк्рд░рдоाрдгे рдирднांрдЧрдгाрдордз्рдпे рддрд│рдкрдд рдЖрд╣े .
рд╢्рд░ी.рд╕ुрдм्рд░рд╣्рдордг्рдпрдо рднाрд░рддी рд╣े рддрдоिрд│ рд╕ाрд╣िрдд्рдпाрдЪे рдкिрддाрдорд╣ рд╕рдордЬрд▓े рдЬाрддाрдд.рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдп рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпा рд╕рд╣рдХाрд░्рдпाрдиा рдЙрдж्рджेрд╢ूрди рдЖрд╡ाрд╣рди рдХрд░ीрдд рдЖрд╣ेрдд рдЕрд╕ा рдк्рд░рд╕ंрдЧ рдХрд▓्рдкूрди рддे рд▓िрд╣िрддाрдд--рдЬрдп рдЬрдп рднрд╡ाрдиी!рдЬрдпрдЬрдп рднाрд░рддрдо्
рд╢рдиैрдд्рддрд▓ेрд╡рд░рдШाрд│,рд╢िрд░рди्рдж рдоंрдд्рд░िрдШाрд│
рдиीрд░рджрди рдкुрджрд▓рдШрд░,рдЗрди рдиिрдиैрд╡рд╣ рдЬाрджिрд░!
рднाрд░рддрдиाрдбु рдкाрдХैрд▓्рд▓ाрдо рддिрд▓рдХрдо्
рдиीрд░рджрди рдкुрджрд▓рд╡рд░ рдЗрди рдиिрдиैрд╡рд╣ рдЬाрджिрд░!
рдЕрд░्рде---рднрд╡ाрдиीрдЪा рдЬрдпрдЬрдпрдХाрд░ рдЕрд╕ो,рднाрд░рддाрдЪा рдЬрдпрдЬрдпрдХाрд░ рдЕрд╕ो.рдоाрдЭ्рдпा рд╕ेрдиाрдкрддींрдиो рдЖрдгि рд░ाрдЬрдХाрд░рдгी рдоुрд╕्рддрдж्рджी рдоंрдд्рд░्рдпाрдиो,рддुрдо्рд╣ी рдпा рднुрдоीрдЪे рд╕ुрдкुрдд्рд░ рдЖрд╣ाрдд рд╣े рд╡िрд╕рд░ु рдирдХा.рд╣े рдпा рднुрдоीрдЪ्рдпा рдкाрдИрдХांрдиो,рднाрд░рддрд╡рд░्рд╖ рд╣ा рдЕрд▓рдо рджुрдиिрдпेрдЪा рд╕ौрднाрдЧ्рдп рддिрд▓рдХ рдЖрд╣े рд╣ेрд╣ि рд╡िрд╕рд░ु рдирдХा.
рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдпांрдЪ्рдпा рд╣рдпाрддीрддрдЪ рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рд╡िрд╖рдпीрдЪ्рдпा рдЕрджрднुрдд рдХрдеा рдЖрд╕ाрдордкрд░्рдпंрдд рдкोрд╣ोрдЪрд▓्рдпा рд╣ोрдд्рдпा.рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬीрд░ाрдЬांрдЪी рд╣ी рдоुрд░्рддी рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕ рд╕ंрд╢ोрдзрдХाрдиा рд╣ी рд╢्рд░рдз्рдпेрдп рд╡ाрдЯрд▓ी рд╣े рд╡िрд╢ेрд╖ .рд╕рд░ рдЬрджुрдиाрде рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рд╣े рд╕ुрд░рд╡ाрддीрд▓ा рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪे рднрдХ्рдд рдирд╡्рд╣рддे.рддे рдФрд░ंрдЧрдЬेрдмाрдЪे рдЪрд░िрдд्рд░ рд▓िрд╣िрдд рд╣ोрддे.рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬीрд░ाрдЬे рд╣े рдд्рдпा рдЪрд░िрдд्рд░ाрдордзीрд▓ рдПрдХ рдк्рд░рдХрд░рдг рд╣ोрддे.рдкрдг рдЬрд╕рдЬрд╢ी рд╕ाрдзрди,рдЖрдзाрд░,рдоाрд╣िрддी рдоिрд│рдд рдЧेрд▓ी рдЖрдгि рдЬрджुрдиाрдеांрдиी рддी рд╕рдд्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдиिрдХрд╖ाрд╡рд░ рдШाрд╕ूрди рдкाрд╣िрд▓ी рддрд╢ी рддрд╢ी рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдордиाрдд рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪी рдк्рд░рддिрдоा рдЙрдЬрд│ू рд▓ाрдЧрд▓ी,рдЖрдгि "рдЖрдзुрдиिрдХ рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕ाрддीрд▓ рдпुрдЧрдк्рд░рд╡рд░्рддрдХ рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкुрд░ुрд╖"рдЕрд╢ा рд╢рдм्рджाрдордз्рдпे рдд्рдпांрдиी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪा рдЧौрд░рд╡ рдХेрд▓ा.
рдорд░ाрдаी рднाрд╖ेрдиंрддрд░ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪे рдкрд╣िрд▓े рдЪрд░िрдд्рд░(рдмॉрдпोрдЧ्рд░ाрдлी)рдКрд░्рджूрдордз्рдпे рд▓ाрд▓ा рд▓рдЬрдкрддрд░ाрдп рдпांрдиी рд▓िрд╣िрд▓े.рдиंрддрд░ рдмрд╣ुрддेрдХ рд╕рд░्рд╡ рднाрд╖ांрдордз्рдпे рдд्рдпाрдЪे рднाрд╖ांрддрд░ рдЭाрд▓े.рдкाрд░рддंрдд्рд░ाрдЪ्рдпाрдХाрд▓ी рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрд▓ा рдк्рд░ेрд░рдгा рджेрдгे,рдЧрд▓िрддрдЧाрдд्рд░ांрдЪे рдордиोрдзैрд░्рдп,рдЖрдд्рдорд╡िрд╢्рд╡ाрд╕ рдЬाрдЧ्рд░ुрдд рдХрд░рдгे рдпाрд╣ेрддूрдиे рджेрд╢рднрдХ्рддांрдиी рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬीрд░ाрдЬांрд╡िрд╖рдпी рд╕ाрд╣िрдд्рдп рдиिрд░्рдоिрддी рд╕ुрд░ु рдХेрд▓ी.
рдиेрддाрдЬी рд╕ुрднाрд╖рдЪंрдж्рд░ рдмोрд╕ рдпांрдиी рд╣िंрджुрд╕्рдеाрдиाрддुрди рдк्рд░рдпाрдг рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрдкुрд░्рд╡ि рджिрд▓िрдк рд░ॉрдп рдпांрдЪेрд╢ी рдЬे рдмोрд▓рдгे рдЭाрд▓े рддे рд░ॉрдп рдпांрдиी рдЕрдо्рд░ुрддрдмрдЭाрд░ рдкрдд्рд░िрдХा.рд╣िंрджुрд╕्рдеाрди рд╕्рдЯँрди्рдбрд░्рдб рдпा рд╡्рд░ुрдд्рддрдкрдд्рд░ाрдордзुрди рдкрд╕िрдж्рдз рдЭाрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.рдиेрддाрдЬी рд░ॉрдп рдпांрдиा рдо्рд╣рдгाрд▓े рдХी"рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпाрд▓ा рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪ्рдпा рдзोрд░рдгाрдЪे рдЕрдиुрдХрд░рдг рдХрд░ाрд╡े рд▓ाрдЧेрд▓.рдд्рдпांрдиी strategy рд╣ा рд╢рдм्рдж рд╡ाрдкрд░рд▓ा рдЖрд╣े.рдиेрддाрдЬींрдиाрд╣ि рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪे рдЕрдиुрдХрд░рдг рдХрд░ाрд╡ेрд╕े рд╡ाрдЯрд▓े.
рд╡िрдЬрдпрдирдЧрд░рдЪ्рдпा рдиाрд╢ाрдиंрддрд░ рд╣िंрджुрд╕рдоाрдЬाрдд рдиिрд░ाрд╢ा рдкрд╕рд░рд▓ी рд╣ोрддी.рдЕрдиेрдХ рд╡рд░्рд╖ाрдЪ्рдпा рдЧुрд▓ाрдордЧिрд░ीрдоुрд│े рд╕्рд╡ाрддंрдд्рд░ рдЖрдгि рд╕्рд╡ाрднिрдоाрди рдпांрдЪा рд╡िрдЪाрд░ рдХ्рд╖ीрдг рдЭाрд▓ा рд╣ोрддा.рд╕рдд्рддाрдзिрд╢ рдлрдХ्рдд рдоुрд╕्рд▓िрдордЪ,рд╣िंрджू рд╕рдд्рддाрдзिрд╢ рд╣ोрдЙрдЪ рд╢рдХрдгाрд░ рдиाрд╣ी рдЕрд╕ा рди्рдпुрдирдЧंрдбा рдиिрд░्рдоाрдг рдЭाрд▓ा рд╣ोрддा.рд╣िंрджूрдЪ рдЕрд╕े рдоाрдирдд рд╣ोрддे рдХी"рдЬрдЧрджिрд╢्рд╡рд░ो рд╡ा рджिрд▓्рд▓िрд╢्рд╡рд░ो" рдХाрд╢ीрдЪा рдЬрдЧрджिрд╢्рд╡рд░ рдЖрдгि рджिрд▓्рд▓िрдЪा рдмाрджрд╢рд╣ा...рджोрдирдЪ рдкрд░рдоेрд╢्рд╡рд░.рдЕрд╢ा рдЕрдд्рдпंрдд рдк्рд░рддिрдХूрд▓ рдкрд░िрд╕्рдеिрддीрдордз्рдпे рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдпांрдиी рд╕рдорддेрдЪे ,рдордорддेрдЪे,рд╕ुрдЦाрдЪे рдзрд░्рдорд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдиिрд░्рдоाрдг рдХेрд▓े.рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдиी рдХेрд▓ेрд▓ी рд╣िंрджрд╡ी рд╕्рд╡рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрдЪी рд╕्рдеाрдкрдиा рд╣ी рдПрдХ рдЕрд▓ौрдХिрдХ рдШрдЯрдиा рд╣ोрддी.рднाрд░рддीрдп рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕рдХाрд░ рдЬрджुрдиाрде рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рд▓िрд╣िрддाрдд----
The coronation of Chatrapati Shivaji has shown that the tree of hinduism is not really dead,like the Akshaya vatut tree of allahabad.it can risefrom beneath the seemuingly crushing load of centuries of political bondage.it can put forth new leaves and branches can again lift its head upto the skies.
рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪ्рдпा рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрднिрд╖ेрдХाрдЪी рдХрд▓्рдкрдиा рдЖрд▓ी рдХी ,рд╢्рд░ीрдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдк्рд░рдпाрдЧрдЪ्рдпा рдЕрдХ्рд╖рдп рд╡рдЯрд╡्рд░ुрдХ्рд╖ाрдЪी рдЖрдард╡рдг рд╣ोрддे.рдЬрд╣ांрдЧिрд░ рдмाрджрд╢рд╣ाрдиे рд╣ा рдЕрдХ्рд╖рдп рд╡рдЯрд╡्рд░ुрдХ्рд╖ рдоुрд│ाрдкाрд╕ुрди рддोрдбुрди рдд्рдпाрд╡рд░ рдиिрдЦाрд░े рдаेрд╡рд▓े,рдЕрд╢ाрдХрд░िрддा рдХी рдкुрди्рд╣ा рдХрдзीрд╣ि рдд्рдпाрд╡्рд░ुрдХ्рд╖ाрдЪा рдЕрд╡рд╢ेрд╖ рдХोрдгाрд▓ा рджिрд╕ू рдирдпे.рдкрдг рджрд╣ा рд╡िрд╕ рд╡рд░्рд╖ाрдиी рддो рд╡рдЯрд╡्рд░ुрдХ्рд╖ рдкुрди्рд╣ा рдЙрдЧрд╡рд▓ा! рдд्рдпाрдЪ рдк्рд░рдоाрдгे рд╣िंрджुрдд्рд╡ाрдЪा рд╡्рд░ुрдХ्рд╖ рдЕрдХ्рд╖рдп рдЖрд╣े рд╣े рдЗрддрдХ्рдпा рд╢рддрдХाрдиंрддрд░рд╣ि рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪ्рдпा рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрднिрд╖ेрдХाрдиे рджाрдЦрдЙрди рджिрд▓े.
рдЕрдд्рдпंрдд рд╕्рддुрдд्рдп рд▓ेрдЦрдирдоाрд▓ा! рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдп рд╣े рдХेрд╡рд│ рдорд░ाрдаी рдоाрдгрд╕ाрдЪे рдЖрдгि рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдЪे рдЖрд░ाрдз्рдп рджैрд╡рдд рдирд╡्рд╣рддे рддрд░ рддे рд╕्рд╡ाрддंрдд्рд░्рдпрд╕ंрдЧ्рд░ाрдоाрдд рд╕рд░्рд╡рд╕्рд╡ाрдЪी рдЖрд╣ुрддी рдж्рдпाрдпрд▓ा рд╕िрдж्рдз् рдЭाрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдХ्рд░ांрддिрдХाрд░рдХांрдЪेрд╣ी рдЖрд░ाрдз्рдп рд╡ рд╕्рдлूрд░्рддिрджाрддे рд╣ोрддे.
рд╣ुрддाрдд्рдоा рднрдЧрддрд╕िंрдЧ рд╣े рдХाँрдЧ्рд░ेрд╕рдЪ्рдпा рдмेрд│рдЧाрд╡ рдЕрдзिрд╡ेрд╢рдиाрд▓ा (резрепреирек?) 'рдЕрдХाрд▓ी' рдпा рдкрдд्рд░ाрдЪे рдк्рд░рддिрдиिрдзी рдо्рд╣рдгुрди рдЬेрд╡्рд╣ा рджрдХ्рд╖िрдгेрдд рдЖрд▓े рддेрд╡्рд╣ा рддे рдЖрд╡рд░्рдЬुрди рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдд рдЖрд▓े рд╡ рд░ाрдпрдЧрдбाрд╡рд░ рдЬाрдКрди рдд्рдпांрдиी рддेрдерд▓ी рдоाрддी рдорд╕्рддрдХी рд▓ाрд╡ुрди рд╕्рд╡ाрддंрдд्рд░्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдк्рд░рддिрдЬ्рдЮेрдЪा рдкुрдирд░ुрдЪ्рдЪाрд░ рдХेрд▓ा рд╣ोрддा.
рд╕्рд╡ाрддंрдд्рд░्рдпрдк्рд░ाрдк्рддीрд╕ाрдаी рдЖрддा рджेрд╢ рд╕ोрдбुрди рдмाрд╣ेрд░ рдкрдбрдгे рдЖрд╡рд╢्рдпрдХ рдЖрд╣े рдпा рдиिрд╖्рдХрд░्рд╢ाрдк्рд░рдд рдпेрддाрдЪ рдиेрддाрдЬी рд╕ुрднाрд╖ рдпांрдиी рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпा рддुрд░ुंрдЧрд╡ाрд╕ाрдд рдмाрд╣ेрд░ рдиिрд╕рдЯрдг्рдпाрдкूрд░्рд╡ी рдЬрджुрдиाрде рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рд▓िрдЦिрдд рд╢िрд╡рдЪрд░िрдд्рд░ाрддीрд▓ 'рдЖрдЧ्рд░्рдпाрд╣ुрди рд╕ुрдЯрдХा' рдкрд░्рд╡ाрдЪी рдкाрд░ाрдпрдгे рдХेрд▓ी рд╣ोрддी.
рдоा. рдмाрдмाрд╕ाрд╣ेрдм рдкुрд░ंрджрд░े рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рд╕рд╣рд╡ाрд╕ाрдд рдЬेрд╡्рд╣ा рдкрди्рд╣ाрд│ा-рд╡िрд╢ाрд│ा-рдк्рд░рддाрдкрдЧрдб рдЕрд╕े рднрдЯрдХाрдпрдЪी рд╕ंрдзी рдЖрд▓ी рддेрд╡्рд╣ा 'рдк्рд░рддाрдкрдЧрдбрдЪे рдпुрдж्рдз' рдЬрдЧाрддीрд▓ рдирдК рджेрд╢ांрдЪ्рдпा рд▓рд╖्рдХрд░ी рдк्рд░рд╢िрдХ्рд╖рдг рдЕрдХाрджрдоींрдордз्рдпे рдЕрдн्рдпाрд╕рдХ्рд░рдоाрдд рд╕рдоाрд╡िрд╖्рдЯ рдЕрд╕рд▓्рдпाрдЪी рдердХ्рдХ рдХрд░рдгाрд░ी рдоाрд╣िрддी рдоिрд│ाрд▓ी рд╣ोрддी. рдХрдоीрдд рдХрдоी рд╡ेрд│ाрдд рдХрдоीрдд рдХрдоी рдоाрдгрд╕ांрдиिрд╢ी рдХрдоीрддрдХрдоी рдпुрдж्рдзрд╕ाрдордЧ्рд░ीрдд рдмрд▓ाрдв्рдп рд╢рдд्рд░ूрдЪा рд╕ाрдл рдлрдбрд╢ा рдкाрдбрдгाрд░े рд╣े рдЧрдиिрдоी рдХाрд╡्рдпाрдЪे рдпुрдж्рдз рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬे рдиिрдпोрдЬрди, рдиिрд░्рдзाрд░, рдЕрдн्рдпाрд╕, рдиिрд╖्рдаा рд╡ рд╢ौрд░्рдп рдпांрдЪे рдоूрд░्рддिрдоंрдд рдЙрджाрд╣рд░рдг рдЖрд╣े.
рдХрд╡िрд░ाрдЬ рднुрд╖рдг рдпांрдиी рд╢िрд╡рдмांрд╡рд░ рд▓िрд╣ीрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рд╢्рд░ी рд╕िрд╡рд░ाрдЬ рднुрд╖рдг рдпा рдХाрд╡्рдпाрддрд▓्рдпा рдХाрд╣ी рдУрд│ी рдЗрдеे рджेрдд рдЖрд╣े. рдкंрдбिрдд рд░рдд्рдиाрдХрд░ рдд्рд░िрдкाрдаी рдЕрд╕े рдоुрд│ рдиाрд╡ рдЕрд╕рд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдпा рдЙрдд्рддрд░ рднाрд░рддीрдп рдХрд╡िрдиे рд╕ुрд░ुрд╡ाрддीрдЪा рдХाрд╣ी рдХाрд│ рдФрд░ंрдЧрдЬेрдмाрдХрдбेрд╣ी рдЪाрдХрд░ी рдХेрд▓ी рд╣ोрддी. рдкрдг рддिрдеे рдХेрд╡рд│ рдмाрджрд╢рд╣ाрдЪे рдЧुрдгрдЧाрди рдХрд░рдгाрд░ी рдХाрд╡्рдпेрдЪ рд▓िрд╣ीрдг्рдпाрдЪी рдоुрднा рдЕрд╕рд▓्рдпाрдиे рдпा рд╕्рд╡ाрднिрдоाрдиी рдХрд╡िрдиे рд░ाрдЬाрд╢्рд░рдп рдиाрдХाрд░рд▓ा рд╡ рдкुрдвे рддो рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдпांрдЪी рдХिрд░्рддी рдРрдХुрди рддрдд्рдХाрд▓िрди рд╣िंрджрд╡ी рд╕्рд╡рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓ा. рдХेрд╡рд│ рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрдЪे рдЧुрдгрдЧाрди рдХрд░рдгाрд░ рдиाрд╣ी рдо्рд╣рдгुрди рдФрд░ंрдЧрдЬेрдмाрдЪा рдЖрд╢्рд░рдп рд╕ोрдбрд▓ेрд▓ा рд╣ा рд╡िрд▓рдХ्рд╖рдг рдХрд╡ि рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪ्рдпा рджैрд╡ी рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддिрдордд्рд╡ाрдиे рдПрд╡рдвा рдк्рд░рднाрд╡ीрдд рдЭाрд▓ा рдХी рдд्рдпाрдиे рд░ाрдЬांрд╡рд░ рдПрдХ рд╕ोрдбुрди рджोрди рдорд╣ाрдХाрд╡्рдпे рд▓िрд╣ीрд▓ी.
"рд╢्рд░ी рд╕िрд╡рд░ाрдЬ рднुрд╖рдг" рдЖрдгि "рд╢िрд╡ рднрд╡ाрдиी"
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рдЬै рдЬрдпंрддि, рдЬै рдЖрджि рд╕рдХрддि, рдЬै рдХाрд▓ि рдХрдкрд░्рджिрдиी
рдЬै рдордзुрдХैрдЯрдн рдЫрд▓рдиी, рджेрд╡ि рдЬै рдорд╣िрд╖ рдмिрдорд░्рджिрдиी !!
рдЗंрдж्рд░ рдЬिрдоि рдЬंрднрдкрд░, рд╡ाрдврд╡ рд╕ुрдЕंрднрдкрд░, рд░ाрд╡рди рд╕рджंрднрдкрд░
...............................рд░рдШुрдХुрд▓ рд░ाрдЬ рд╣ै !
рдкौрди рдмाрд░िрдмाрд╣ рдкрд░, рд╕ंрднु рд░рддिрдиाрд╣ рдкрд░, рдЬ्рдпो рд╕рд╣рд╕्рдд्рд░рдмाрд╣ рдкрд░
...............................рд░ाрдо рдж्рд╡िрдЬрд░ाрдЬ рд╣ै !
рджाрд╡ा рджृрдорджंрдб рдкрд░, рдЪीрддा рдоृрдЧрдЭुंрдбрдкрд░, рднुрд╖рдг рдмिрддुंрдбрдкрд░
..............................рдЬैрд╕े рдоृрдЧрд░ाрдЬ рд╣ै !
рддेрдЬ рддрдо рдЕंрд╕ рдкрд░, рдХाрди्рд╣ рдЬिрдоि рдХंрд╕ рдкрд░, рдд्рдпो рдорд▓िрдЪ्рдЫ рдмंрд╕ рдкрд░
.............................. рд╕ेрд░ рд╕िрд╡рд░ाрдЬ рд╣ै
.............................. рд╕рд░्рдЬा рд╕िрд╡рд░ाрдЬ рд╣ै !
рджрд╢рд░рде рдЬु рдХे рд░ाрдо, рдоै рд╡рд╕ुрджेрд╡ рдХे рдЧोрдкाрд▓ !
рд╕ोंрдИ рдк्рд░рдЧрдЯे рд╕ाрд╣ि рдХे, рд╢्рд░ी рд╕िрд╡рд░ाрдЬ рднुрдкाрд▓ !!
рд╕िрд╡ рд╣ि рдФрд░ंрдЧ рдЬीрдд рд╕рдХे, рдФрд░ рди рд░ाрдЬा рд░ाрд╡ !
рд╣рдд्рдеिं рдордд्рде рдкрд░ рд╕िंрд╣ рдмिрдиु, рдФрд░ рди рдШाрд▓ै рдШाрд╡ !!
рдФрд░рди рдХो рдЬो рдЬрдирдо рд╣ै, рд╕ो рдпाрдХो рдпрдХ рд░ोрдЬ !
рдФрд░рдирдХो рдЬो рд░ाрдЬ рд╣ै рд╕ो, рд╕िрд░ рд╕рд░рдЬाрдХो рдоौрдЬ !!
рдЬीрд╡рди рдоें рдирд░ рд▓ोрдЧ рдмрдбों, рдХрд╡ि рднुрд╖рди рднाрд╖рдд рдкैрдЬ рдЕрдбो рд╣ै !
рд╣ै рдирд░ рд▓ोрдЧрдирдоें рд░ाрдЬ рдмрдбों,рд╕рдм рд░ाрдЬрдирдоे рд╕िрд╡рд░ाрдЬ рдмрдбों рд╣ै !!
рдХो рджाрддा ? рдХो рд░рди рдЪрдвो ? рдХो рдЬрдЧ рдкाрд▓рдирд╣ाрд░...!
рдХрд╡ि рднुрд╖рди рдЙрдд्рддрд░ рджिрдЦो, рд╕िрд╡ рдиृрдк рд╣рд░ि рдЕрд╡рддाрд░..!!
рддेрд░े рддेрдЬ рд╣ै рд╕рд░рдЬा рджिрдирдХрд░рд╕ो, рджिрдирдХрд░ рд╣ै рддेрд░े рддेрдЬ рдХे рдиिрдХрдЯрд╕ो !
рддेрд░ो рдЬрд╕ рд╣ै рд╕рд░рдЬा рд╣िрдордХрд░рд╕ो, рд╣िрдордХрд░ рд╣ै рддेрд░ो рдЬрд╕ рдХे рдЕрдХрд░рд╕ो !!
рдХुंрдж рдХрд╣ाँ, рдкрдпрд╡ृंрдж рдХрд╣ाँ, рдЕрд░ु рдЪंрдж рдХрд╣ाँ
............................рд╕рд░рдЬा рдЬрд╕ рдЖрдЧे !
рдмाрдЬ рдХрд╣ाँ, рдоृрдЧрд░ाрдЬ рдХрд╣ाँ, рдЧрдЬрд░ाрдЬ рдХрд╣ाँ
........................ рддेрд░े рд╕ाрд╣рд╕рдХे рдЖрдЧे !!
рдХрд╡ि рд╕िрд╡рд░ाрдЬ рднुрд╖рдг
рдкाрдиिрдкрддрдЪे рддिрд╕рд░े рдпुрдж्рдз рд╣ोрдКрди рдЖрддा рдЕрдбीрдЪрд╢े рд╡рд░्рд╖े рдЙрд▓рдЯрд▓ी рдЕрд╕рд▓ी рддрд░ी рдЕрдЬूрдирд╣ी рдкाрдиिрдкрдд рд╣ा рдорд░ाрдаी рдоाрдгрд╕ाрдЪ्рдпा рдЬिрд╡्рд╣ाрд│्рдпाрдЪा рд╡िрд╖рдп рдЖрд╣े. рдпा рдпुрдж्рдзाрдд рдЬрд╡рд│рдкाрд╕ рдЪाрд│ीрд╕ рд╣рдЬाрд░ рдорд░ाрдаी рдпोрдж्рдзे, рддрд╕ेрдЪ рд╕्рдд्рд░िрдпा рд╡ рдкुрд░ुрд╖ рдорд░рдг рдкाрд╡рд▓े рдЖрдгि реиреи рд╣рдЬाрд░ рдорд░ाрдаी рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрджी рдЧुрд▓ाрдо рдо्рд╣рдгूрди рдЕрд╣рдорджрд╢рд╣ा рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ीрдиे рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпाрдмрд░ोрдмрд░ рдЕрдлрдЧाрдгिрд╕्рддाрдиाрдд рдиेрд▓े.
рдпुрдж्рдзाрдиंрддрд░ рдорд░ाрдаी рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рд▓ांрдмрдЪ рд▓ाрдм рд░ांрдЧा рдХेрд▓्рдпा рдЧेрд▓्рдпा рд╡ рдд्рдпांрдиा рдЕрдлрдЧाрдг рд╕ैрди्рдпाрдмрд░ोрдмрд░ рджिрд▓्рд▓ी, рдордеुрд░ा рдЗрдд्рдпाрджी рдаिрдХाрдгी рдиेрдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓े. рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕ाрдд рдкाрдиिрдкрддрдЪ्рдпा рдпा рджुрд░्рджैрд╡ी рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрд╡िрд╖рдпी рдЬे рдеोрдбेрдлाрд░ рдЙрд▓्рд▓ेрдЦ рдЖрдврд│рддाрдд рдд्рдпाрдкрдХी рдПрдХ рдЙрд▓्рд▓ेрдЦ рд╕िрдпाрд░ рдЙрд▓ рдоुрдд्рддाрдЦिрд░ीрди рдпा рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕рдХाрд░ाрдиे рдЕрд╢ा рддрд▒्рд╣ेрдиे рд╡рд░्рдгрди рдХेрд▓ेрд▓ा рдЖрд╣े : ‘рджु:рдЦी рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рд▓ांрдмрдЪ рд▓ांрдм рд░ांрдЧा рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓्рдпा рдЖрдгि рдд्рдпांрдиा рдеोрдбे рдмрд╣ुрдд рд░्рдЕрдзрдХрдЪ्рдЪे рдЕрди्рди рд╡ рдкाрдгी рджेрдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓े. рдпुрдж्рдз рд╕ंрдкрд▓्рдпाрд╡рд░ рдЬे рдХाрд╣ी рдкुрд░ुрд╖, рд╕्рдд्рд░िрдпा рдЖрдгि рд▓рд╣ाрди рдоुрд▓े рд╡ाрдЪрд▓ी рдд्рдпांрдиा рдЧुрд▓ाрдо рдо्рд╣рдгूрди рдиेрдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓े. рдЕंрджाрдЬे рдмाрд╡ीрд╕ рд╣рдЬाрд░. рдд्рдпाрддрд▓े рдмрд░ेрдЪрд╕े рд▓ोрдХ рдоोрдареЯा рд╣ुрдж्рджреЯाрд╡рд░рдЪे рд╣ोрддे.’ рдкाрдиिрдкрддрдЪे рдпुрдж्рдз рдХрд╕े рд▓рдврд▓े рдЧेрд▓े рдпाрд╡िрд╖рдпी рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕ाрдд рд╕рд╡िрд╕्рддрд░ рдоाрд╣िрддी рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рдЖрд╣े; рдкрд░ंрддु рдд्рдпाрдиंрддрд░ рдорд░ाрдаी рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдЪे рдкुрдвे рдХाрдп рдЭाрд▓े рдпाрд╡िрд╖рдпी рдХाрд╣ीрдЪ рдоाрд╣िрддी рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рдиाрд╣ी.
рдпा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдЪा рдкाрдиिрдкрддाрдиंрддрд░рдЪा рдк्рд░рд╡ाрд╕ рд╡ рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рд╡ंрд╢рдЬांрдЪी рд╕рдз्рдпाрдЪी рдкрд░िрд╕्рдеिрддी рдпाрд╡िрд╖рдпीрдЪी рдоाрд╣िрддी рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕ाрдЪा рдПрдХ рд╣ौрд╢ी рд╕ंрд╢ोрдзрдХ рдо्рд╣рдгूрди рдлेрд╕рдмुрдХрдЪ्рдпा рдоाрдз्рдпрдоाрддूрди рдЖрдгि рдкाрдиिрдкрддाрд╡рд░ीрд▓ рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рд╡ंрд╢рдЬांрдмрд░ोрдмрд░ рдХेрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рд╕ंрднाрд╖рдгाрддूрди рдорд▓ा рдоिрд│ाрд▓ी. рдкाрдиिрдкрддрдЪ्рдпा рдпुрдж्рдзाрдиंрддрд░ рджोрди рдорд╣िрди्рдпांрдиी.. рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬे реиреж рдоाрд░्рдЪ резренремрез рд░ोрдЬी рдЕрд╣рдорджрд╢рд╣ा рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ी рдЕрдлрдЧाрдгिрд╕्рддाрдиाрдд рдЬाрдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рджिрд▓्рд▓ीрд╣ूрди рдиिрдШाрд▓ा. рдд्рдпाрдЪ्рдпाрд╕ोрдмрдд рдорд░ाрдаे рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрджीрд╣ी рд╣ोрддे. рдкрд░рдд рдЬाрддाрдиा рдкंрдЬाрдмрдордз्рдпे рд╢िрдЦांрдиी рдпा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдкрдХी рдХाрд╣ी рдорд░ाрдаी рд╕्рдд्рд░िрдпांрдиा рдоुрдХ्рдд рдХेрд▓े, рдЕрд╢ी рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕ाрдд рдиोंрдж рд╕ाрдкрдбрддे. рдкрд╢्рдЪिрдо рдкंрдЬाрдм (рдкाрдХिрд╕्рддाрди) рдУрд▓ांрдбрд▓्рдпाрдиंрддрд░ рдмрд▓ुрдЪिрд╕्рддाрди рдк्рд░ांрддाрддीрд▓ рдбेрд░ा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЖрджी рднाрдЧ рд╕ुрд░ू рд╣ोрддो. рдкाрдиिрдкрддрдЪ्рдпा рдпुрдж्рдзाрдд рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рд╕рди्рдп рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ीрдЪ्рдпा рдмाрдЬूрдиे рд▓рдврд▓े рд╣ोрддे. рдкाрдиिрдкрдд рдпुрдж्рдзाрдЪ्рдпा рдПрдХ рдорд╣िрдиा рдЕрдЧोрджрд░ резрел,режрежреж рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рдШोрдбрджрд│ рдЕрддाрдИрдЦाрди рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдиेрддृрдд्рд╡ाрдЦाрд▓ी рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ीрд▓ा рдпेрдКрди рдоिрд│ाрд▓े. рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ीрдЪी рдмाрдЬू рдмрд│рдХрдЯ рдЭाрд▓ी рд╣ोрддी. рдкाрдиिрдкрддाрдЪ्рдпा рдпुрдж्рдзाрдкूрд░्рд╡ी рддीрди рд╡рд░्рд╖े рдЖрдзी резренрелрео рдордз्рдпे рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ी рдЖрдгि рдмрд▓ुрдЪिрд╕्рддाрдирдЪा рдд्рдпाрд╡ेрд│рдЪा рд╢ाрд╕рдХ рдоीрд░ рдиाрд╕ीрд░ рдЦाрди рдиुрд░ी (рдХрд▓ाрддрдЪा рдЦाрди) рдпांрдЪ्рдпाрдордз्рдпे рдПрдХ рддрд╣ рдЭाрд▓ेрд▓ा рд╣ोрддा. рдпा рддрд╣ाрдЪ्рдпा рдЕрдЯीрдиुрд╕ाрд░ рдоीрд░ рдиाрд╕ीрд░ рдЦाрди рдиुрд░ीрдиे рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ीрд▓ा рдд्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рд▓рд╖्рдХрд░ी рдХाрд░рд╡ाрдпांрдд рд╕рдиिрдХ рдкुрд░рд╡ाрдпрдЪे рд╡ рдд्рдпा рдмрджрд▓्рдпाрдд рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ी рдоीрд░ рдиाрд╕ीрд░ рдЦाрдиाрд▓ा рд╕рди्рдп рдаेрд╡рдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рдЖ├нрдердХ рдорджрдд рдХрд░ेрд▓ рдЕрд╕े рдард░рд▓े рд╣ोрддे. рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ी рдЬेрд╡्рд╣ा рдкंрдЬाрдм рдУрд▓ांрдбूрди рдмрд▓ुрдЪिрд╕्рддाрдиाрдд рдкрд░рдд рдЖрд▓ा рдд्рдпाрд╡ेрд│ेрд╕ рдХрд▓ाрддрдЪ्рдпा рдЦाрдиाрдиे рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ीрдХрдбे рд╕рди्рдп рдкुрд░рд╡िрдг्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдмрджрд▓्рдпाрдд рдЖ├нрдердХ рдоोрдмрджрд▓ा рдоाрдЧिрддрд▓ा. рдкрд░ंрддु рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ीрд▓ा рд╣िрди्рджुрд╕्рдеाрдиाрдд рдлाрд░рд╢ी рд░рдХ्рдХрдо рдЦंрдбрдгी рдо्рд╣рдгूрди рдоिрд│ाрд▓ी рдирд╡्рд╣рддी. рдХाрд░рдг рджिрд▓्рд▓ीрдЪा рдмाрджрд╢рд╣ा рд╕рддрддрдЪ्рдпा рдЖрдХ्рд░рдордгांрдоुрд│े рддрд╕ा рдХрдлрд▓्рд▓рдХрдЪ рдЭाрд▓ेрд▓ा рд╣ोрддा. рдЖрдгि рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдХрдбूрдирджेрдЦीрд▓ рдпुрдж्рдзाрдд рд╣рдд्рддी, рдШोрдбे рдЖрдгि рддोрдлांрд╡्рдпрддिрд░िрдХ्рдд рдХाрд╣ीрдЪ рдЖ├нрдердХ рдШрдмाрдб рдкрджрд░ाрдд рдкрдбрд▓े рдирд╡्рд╣рддे. рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ीрдиे рдорд░ाрдаा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрджीрдЪ рдкрд╢ांрдРрд╡рдЬी рдоोрдмрджрд▓ा рдо्рд╣рдгूрди рдмрд▓ोрдЪ рд╕рд░рджाрд░ांрдиा рд╕ुрдкूрд░्рдж рдХेрд▓े. рдорд░ाрдаा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрджी рдмрд▓ोрдЪ рд▓ोрдХांрдиा рджेрдг्рдпाрдЪे рджुрд╕рд░े рдХाрд░рдг рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬे рдорд░ाрдаा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдЪी рдд्рдпाрд╡ेрд│рдЪी рд╢ाрд░ीрд░िрдХ рдЕрд╡рд╕्рдеा рд╣ीрджेрдЦीрд▓ рдЕрд╕ू рд╢рдХрддे. рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрджी рдЬрд╡рд│рдкाрд╕ рджोрди-рддीрди рдорд╣िрдиे рдХैрджेрдд рд╣ोрддे рдЖрдгि рдд्рдпांрдиा рдЕрдЧрджी рддुрдЯрдкुंрдЬ्рдпा рдЕрди्рдирдкाрдг्рдпाрд╡рд░ рджिрд╡рд╕ рдХाрдвाрд╡े рд▓ाрдЧрд▓े рд╣ोрддे. рдЕрдЬूрди рдмोрд▓рди рдЦिंрдбीрд╕ाрд░рдЦ्рдпा рдЕрддिрд╢рдп рдЕрд╡рдШрдб рд╡ рджुрд░्рдЧрдо рднाрдЧाрддूрди рдкुрдврдЪा рдк्рд░рд╡ाрд╕ рдХрд░ाрдпрдЪा рд╣ोрддा. рдЕрдЧोрджрд░рдЪ рдоाрдирд╕िрдХ рд╡ рд╢ाрд░ीрд░िрдХрджृрд╖्рдЯреЯा рдЦाрд▓ाрд╡рд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдиा рдпा рдк्рд░рджेрд╢ाрддूрди рдЖрдгрдЦी рдк्рд░рд╡ाрд╕ рдЬिрд╡ाрд╡рд░ рдмेрддрд▓ा рдЕрд╕рддा. рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│ेрдЪ рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ीрдиे рд╣ा рдкुрдврдЪा рд╡िрдЪाрд░ рдХрд░ूрди рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдиा рдмрд▓ोрдЪ рд╕рд░рджाрд░ांрдиा рджेрдКрди рдЯाрдХрд▓े. рдкाрдиिрдкрддाрдд рд▓рдврд▓ेрд▓े рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рд╕рди्рдп рд╣े рд╡ेрдЧрд╡ेрдЧрд│्рдпा рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рдЬрдоाрддींрдиी рдмрдирд▓ेрд▓े рд╣ोрддे. рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдорд░ाрдаे рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрджीрд╣ी рдкाрдиिрдкрддाрдд рд▓рдврд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдиिрд░рдиिрд░ाрд│्рдпा рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рдЬрдоाрддींрдиा рд╡िрднाрдЧूрди рджेрдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓े. рдорд░ाрдаा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдЪी рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпाрд╣ी рдмрд░ीрдЪ рдоोрдаी рд╣ोрддी. рдЖрдгि рд╕рдЧрд│्рдпा рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдиा рдПрдХाрдЪ рдаिрдХाрдгी рдаेрд╡рдг्рдпाрдд рдоोрдаा рдзोрдХाрд╣ी рд╣ोрддा. рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдпा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдиा рд╡िрднाрдЧрдг्рдпाрдЪा рдиिрд░्рдгрдп рдоीрд░ рдиाрд╕ीрд░ рдЦाрди рдиुрд░ी рдпाрдиे рдШेрддрд▓ा.
рдпा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдкैрдХी рдмुрдЧрдЯी, рд░्рдоी, рдордЭाрд░ी, рд░ाрдпрд╕ाрдиी рд╡ рдЧुрд░рдЪाрдиी рдЗрдд्рдпाрджी рдмрд▓ोрдЪ рдЬрдоाрддींрдордз्рдпे рдорд░ाрдаा рдЙрдкрдЬрдоाрдд рдЖрдЬрд╣ी рдЖрдкрд▓ी рд╕्рд╡рддंрдд्рд░ рдУрд│рдЦ рдЯिрдХрд╡ूрди рдЖрд╣े. рдкाрдиिрдкрдд рдпुрдж्рдзाрддीрд▓ рдд्рдпाрд╡ेрд│рдЪ्рдпा рдорд░ाрдаा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдЪे рд╡ंрд╢рдЬ рдЖрдЬ рдзрд░्рдоाрдиे рдоुрд╕्рд▓ीрдо рдЭाрд▓ेрд▓े рдЖрд╣ेрдд рдЦрд░े; рдкрд░ंрддु рдд्рдпांрдиा рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпा рдорд░ाрдаीрдкрдгाрдЪा рд░ाрд╕्рдд рдЕрднिрдоाрди рдЖрд╣े. рдпा рдЙрдкрдЬрдоाрддींрдкрдХी рдлрдХ्рдд рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдорд░ाрдареЯांрд╡िрд╖рдпीрдЪी рдоाрд╣िрддी рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рдЖрд╣े. рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЬрдоाрддीрддीрд▓ рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдЪे рддीрди рдк्рд░рдоुрдЦ рд╡рд░्рдЧ рдкुрдвीрд▓рдк्рд░рдоाрдгे- рдмрд╣ुрд╕ंрдЦ्рдп рдорд░ाрдаा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрджी рд╣े рдХाрд▓्рдкрд░, рдорд╕ोрд░ी, рд╢ांрдмाрдиी, рдиोрдеाрдиी, рдкिрд░ोрдЬाрдиी рдЖрдгि рд░рд╣ेрдЬा рдпा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЬрдоाрддींрдордз्рдпे рд╡िрднाрдЧूрди рджेрдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓े рдЖрдгि рдЖрдЬ рд╣ा рд╕рдоाрдЬ рдд्рдпा- рдд्рдпा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЬрдоाрддीрдЪ्рдпा рдиाрд╡ाрдиे рдУрд│рдЦрд▓ा рдЬाрддो. рдЙрджा. рдХाрд▓्рдкрд░ рдорд░ाрдаा, рдиोрдеाрдиी рдорд░ाрдаा, рд╢ांрдмाрдиी рдорд░ाрдаा рд╡рдЧрд░े. рдЖрдЬ рд╣ा рд╡рд░्рдЧ рд╕рдорд╕्рдд рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдорд░ाрдаी рд▓ोрдХрд╕ंрдЦ्рдпेрдЪ्рдпा рд╕ुрдоाрд░े реореж рдЯрдХ्рдХे рдЖрд╣े. рдпा рд╡рд░्рдЧाрд▓ा рдЧुрд▓ाрдордЧिрд░ीрдд рджिрд╡рд╕ рдХाрдвाрд╡े рд▓ाрдЧрд▓े. рдкрд░ंрддु резрепрекрек рдордз्рдпे рдирдмाрдм рдЕрдХрдмрд░ рдЦाрди рдмुрдЧрдЯी (рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЬрдоाрддीрдЪे рдоुрдЦ्рдп рд╕рд░рджाрд░) рдпांрдиी рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдиा рдпा рдЧुрд▓ाрдордЧिрд░ीрдЪ्рдпा рдЬाрдЪाрддूрди рдоुрдХ्рдд рдХेрд▓े. резрепрекрек рдкрд░्рдпंрдд рдпा рдорд░ाрдаा рд╡рд░्рдЧाрд▓ा рдк्рд░рдЪंрдб рд╢ाрд░ीрд░िрдХ рдХрд╖्рдЯ рд╡ рд╣рд▓ाрдЦीрдЪे рджिрд╡рд╕ рдХाрдвाрд╡े рд▓ाрдЧрд▓े. резрепрекрек рдкूрд░्рд╡ी рдд्рдпांрдЪी рдоुрдЦ्рдп рдХाрдоे рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬे рдЙंрдЯांрдЪी рджेрдЦрднाрд▓ рдХрд░рдгे, рд╕्рд╡рдпंрдкाрдХ рдХрд░рдгे, рд▓ोрд╣ाрд░рдХाрдо рд╡ рдЗрддрд░ рдЫोрдЯी-рдоोрдаी рдХाрдоे рдХрд░рдгे рд╣ेрдЪ рдЕрд╕े. рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдоाрд▓рдХ (рдЖрдХा) рдЖрдгि рдд्рдпांрдЪे рдорд░ाрдаा рдЧुрд▓ाрдо рдпांрдЪे рд╕ंрдмंрдз рдмрд▒्рдпाрдкрдХी рдЬिрд╡्рд╣ाрд│्рдпाрдЪे рд╣ोрддे. рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдоाрд▓рдХ рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпा рдХुрдЯुंрдмाрдк्рд░рдоाрдгे рдорд░ाрдаी рдЧुрд▓ाрдоांрдЪी рджेрдЦрднाрд▓ рдХрд░ीрдд рдЕрд╕े. рдиिрдпрдоाрд▓ा рдЬ्рдпाрдк्рд░рдоाрдгे рдЕрдкрд╡ाрдж рдЕрд╕рддो, рдд्рдпाрдк्рд░рдоाрдгे рдХाрд╣ी рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдоाрд▓рдХ рдХ्рд░ूрд░рд╕ुрдж्рдзा рд╣ोрддे рд╡ рддे рдорд░ाрдаा рдЧुрд▓ाрдоांрдиा рдЕрддिрд╢рдп рд╡ाрдИрдЯ рдкрдж्рдзрддीрдиे рд╡ाрдЧрд╡ीрдд рдЕрд╕рдд рдЕрд╕े рд╕ांрдЧिрддрд▓े рдЬाрддे. рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рдЬрдоाрддीрдордз्рдпे рдд्рдпांрдЪे рд╕्рд╡рдд:рдЪे рдЕрд╕े рдХाрдпрджे (рдЬिрд░्рдЧा) рдЕрд╕рддाрдд. рдкूрд░्рд╡ी рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдиा рдЗрддрд░ рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЬрдоाрддींрдЪ्рдпा рддुрд▓рдиेрдд рдЕрд╕рдоाрди рдЖрдгि рдЬाрдЪрдХ рдЕрд╕े рдХाрдпрджे рд▓ाрдЧू рд╣ोрддे. рдЙрджाрд╣рд░рдгाрд░्рде, рд╕िрдпाрдХाрд░ी- рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬे Honour killing рдЪ्рдпा рдХाрдпрдж्рдпाрдиुрд╕ाрд░ рдПрдЦाрдж्рдпा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрдиे рджुрд╕рд▒्рдпा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрдЪा рд╡рдз рдХेрд▓ा рддрд░ рд╡рдз рдЭाрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрдЪ्рдпा рдХुрдЯुंрдмाрд▓ा рд╡рдз рдХेрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрдЪ्рдпा рдХुрдЯुंрдмाрддीрд▓ рдПрдХा рд╕рджрд╕्рдпाрд▓ा рдоाрд░рдг्рдпाрдЪी рдоुрднा рд╣ोрддी. рдкрд░ंрддु рдПрдЦाрдж्рдпा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрдиे рдорд░ाрдаा рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрдЪा рд╡рдз рдХेрд▓ा рддрд░ рд╡рдзाрд╕ рд╡рдз рд╣ा рдХाрдпрджा рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдмाрдмрддीрдд рдоाрдд्рд░ рд▓ाрдЧू рдирд╡्рд╣рддा. рдЕрдкрд░ाрдзी рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрд▓ा рдоाрдлрдХ рджंрдб рдХрд░ूрди рд╕ोрдбूрди рджेрдг्рдпाрдд рдпेрдд рдЕрд╕े. рдпाрдЙрд▓рдЯ, рдПрдЦाрдж्рдпा рдорд░ाрдаा рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрдиे рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрдЪा рдЦूрди рдХेрд▓ा рддрд░ рдПрдХा рд╡рдзाрд╕ рджोрди рд╡рдз- рдЕрд╕ा рд╡िрд░ोрдзाрднाрд╕ी рдХाрдпрджाрд╣ी рдЕрд╕्рддिрдд्рд╡ाрдд рд╣ोрддा. резрепрекрек рд╕ाрд▓ी рд╣ा рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬ рдЧुрд▓ाрдордЧिрд░ीрддूрди рдоुрдХ्рдд рдЭाрд▓ा рд╡ рдЬिрд░्рдЧाрддрд▓े рдЕрд╕рдоाрди рдХाрдпрджेрд╣ी рдХाрд│ाрдиुрд░ूрдк рд░рдж्рдж рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓े. рдЧुрд▓ाрдордЧिрд░ीрддूрди рдоुрдХ्рдд рдЭाрд▓्рдпाрдиंрддрд░рд╣ी рдХाрд╣ी рдХाрд│ рдпा рд╡рд░्рдЧाрдиे рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдоाрд▓рдХांрдмрд░ोрдмрд░рдЪ рд░ाрд╣рдгे рдкрд╕ंрдд рдХेрд▓े. рдХाрд░рдг рдЗрддрдХी рд╡рд╖्рд░े рдЧुрд▓ाрдордЧिрд░ीрдд рд░ाрд╣िрд▓्рдпाрдиंрддрд░ рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпाрдд рдПрдХ рдХрдоीрдкрдгाрдЪी рднाрд╡рдиा рд╣ोрддी. рдЕрд▓ीрдХрдбрдЪ्рдпा рдХाрд│ाрдд рдоाрдд्рд░ рд╣рд│ूрд╣рд│ू рд╣ा рд╡рд░्рдЧ рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдЪ्рдпा рдоुрдЦ्рдп рдк्рд░рд╡ाрд╣ाрдд рдпेрдд рдЖрд╣े. резрепремреж рдиंрддрд░ рдпा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдиे рдЕрди्рдп рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЬрдоाрддींрдкेрдХ्рд╖ा рд╢िрдХ्рд╖рдгाрдд рдмрд░ीрдЪ рдЖрдШाрдбी рдШेрддрд▓ी. рдХाрд░рдг рдмाрдХीрдЪा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╕рдоाрдЬ рд╣ा рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рднрдЯрдХ्рдпा рдЬीрд╡рдирдкрдж्рдзрддीрддрдЪ рдЕрдбрдХूрди рдкрдбрд▓ेрд▓ा рд╣ोрддा.
рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ी рдиोрдХрд▒्рдпा рддрд╕ेрдЪ ‘рд╕ुрдИ рдкेрдЯ्рд░ोрд▓िрдпрдо рдХंрдкрдиी’рдд рдмрд╣ुрд╕ंрдЦ्рдпेрдиे рдпा рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдиे рдЖрдкрд▓े рдмрд╕्рддाрди рдмрд╕рд╡िрд▓े. рдмрд▓ुрдЪिрд╕्рддाрдирдордз्рдпे рдЧॅрд╕ рд╕ाрдкрдбрд▓्рдпाрдиंрддрд░ резрепрелреж рдЪ्рдпा рджрд╢рдХाрдд рд╕ुрдИ рдкेрдЯ्рд░ोрд▓िрдпрдо рдХंрдкрдиी рд╕ुрдИ рдпेрдеे рд╕ुрд░ू рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓ी. рд╕ुрд░ुрд╡ाрддीрд▓ा рдХाрдордЧाрд░, рдлोрд░рдорди рдо्рд╣рдгूрди рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрд▓ा рддिрдеे рдХाрдоे рдоिрд│ाрд▓ी рдЖрдгि рд╣рд│ूрд╣рд│ू рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпाрдкрдХी рдХाрд╣ीрдЬрдг рдоॅрдиेрдЬрд░, рд╕ुрдкрд░рд╡ाрдпрдЭрд░ рдЕрд╢ा рдкрджांрд╡рд░рджेрдЦीрд▓ рдкोрд╣ोрдЪрд▓े. рдЖрдЬ рд╣ा рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬ рдХाрд│ाрд╢ी рдЬрдорд╡ूрди рдШेрдд рд╕्рд╡рдд:рдЪ्рдпा рдХрд░्рддृрдд्рд╡ाрд╡рд░ рдк्рд░рдЧрддी рдХрд░рддो рдЖрд╣े рд╡ рд╕ुрдЦाрдд рдиांрджрддो рдЖрд╣े, рд╣ी рдиिрд╢्рдЪिрддрдЪ рджिрд▓ाрд╕ा рджेрдгाрд░ी рдЧोрд╖्рдЯ рдЖрд╣े. рджुрд╕рд░ा рд╕ाрдК рдХिंрд╡ा рд╕ाрд╣ू рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬ (рд╢ाрд╣ू рдорд░ाрдаा). рдорд░ाрдаा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдкрдХी рд╣ा рдПрдХрдЪ рд╡рд░्рдЧ рд╕ुрд░ुрд╡ाрддीрдкाрд╕ूрди рдоुрдХ्рдд рд╣ोрддा. рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдк्рд░ांрдд рд╣ा рдмрд░ाрдЪрд╕ा рдХोрд░рдбा рд╡ рд╡ाрд│рд╡ंрдЯी рдЖрд╣े. рддेрдеे рд╢ेрддी рдХेрд▓ी рдЬाрдд рдирд╡्рд╣рддी. рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рдЯोрд│्рдпा рдпा рднрдЯрдХ्рдпा рд╣ोрдд्рдпा рдЖрдгि рд╢ेрддी рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрдЪे рдХрд╕рдм рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпाрдХрдбे рдирд╡्рд╣рддे. рдоॅрд░ो рддрд╕ेрдЪ рд╕िрдЖрд╣рдл рдпा рдбेрд░ा рдмुрдЧрдЯीрдЬрд╡рд│ीрд▓ рдХाрд╣ी рднाрдЧाрдд рдкाрдгी рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рд╣ोрддे. рдорд░ाрдаा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдкрдХी рдЬ्рдпांрдиा рд╢ेрддीрдЪे рдЪांрдЧрд▓े рдЬ्рдЮाрди рд╣ोрддे рдЕрд╢ांрдиा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╕рд░рджाрд░ाрдиे рдпा рднाрдЧाрдд рд╢ेрддी рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рдЕрдиुрдорддी рджिрд▓ी; рдЬेрдгेрдХрд░ूрди рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд▓ोрдХांрд╕ाрдаी рдЕрди्рдирдзाрди्рдпाрдЪी рддрд░рддूрдж рд╣ोрдИрд▓. рд╕ाрд╣ू рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдиी рдд्рдпांрдЪा рд╣ा рд╡िрд╢्рд╡ाрд╕ рд╕ाрд░्рде рдард░рд╡рд▓ा рд╡ рдЕрддिрд╢рдп рдЙрдд्рддрдо рдк्рд░рдХाрд░े рд╢ेрддी рдХेрд▓ी рдЖрдгि рдмрд▓ुрдЪिрд╕्рддाрдиाрдд рдк्рд░рдердордЪ рд╢ेрддीрдЪे рддंрдд्рд░ рдЖрдгрдг्рдпाрдд рдорд╣рдд्рдд्рд╡ाрдЪी рднूрдоिрдХा рдмрдЬाрд╡рд▓ी. рдЧрд╣ू рд╡ рдмाрдЬрд░ी рдпाрд╕ाрд░рдЦी рдзाрди्рдпे рддे рдкिрдХрд╡ीрдд рдЕрд╕рдд. рдЗрддрд░ рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЬрдоाрддी рдпा рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдоूрд│ рд╕рд░рджाрд░ांрдЪ्рдпा рдиाрд╡ाрдиे рдкрд░िрдЪिрдд рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рдЙрджा. рд░рд╣ेрдЬा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЬрдоाрддीрдЪे ‘рд░рд╣ेрдЬा’ рд╣े рдиाрд╡ рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рд░рд╣ेрдЬा рдпा рдкूрд░्рд╡рдЬ рд╕рд░рджाрд░ाрдЪ्рдпा рдиाрд╡ाрд╡рд░ूрди рдаेрд╡рдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.
рддрд╕ेрдЪ рдпा рд╡рд░्рдЧाрдиे рдЖрдкрд▓ी рд╕्рд╡рдд:рдЪी рд╕्рд╡рддंрдд्рд░ рдУрд│рдЦ рдиिрд░्рдоाрдг рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी ‘рд╢ाрд╣ू’ рд╣े рдиाрд╡ рдЫрдд्рд░рдкрддी рд╢ाрд╣ूंрдЪ्рдпा рдиाрд╡ाрд╡рд░ूрди рдзाрд░рдг рдХेрд▓े. рд╢ाрд╣ू рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдЪ्рдпा рдЧрдврд╡ाрдиी, рд░ंрдЧрд╡ाрдиी, рдкेрд╢рд╡ाрдиी, рдХिрд▓рд╡ाрдиी рд╡рдЧрд░े рд╕ाрдд рдЙрдкрд╢ाрдЦा рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рдпा рд╢ाрдЦा рдХрд╢ा рддрдпाрд░ рдЭाрд▓्рдпा, рдпाрдмрдж्рджрд▓рдЪी рдоाрд╣िрддी рдоाрдд्рд░ рдЕрдЬूрдирд╣ी рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рдиाрд╣ी. рдкрд░ंрддु ‘рдкेрд╢рд╡ाрдиी’ рд╣े рдиाрд╡ рдкेрд╢рд╡्рдпांрд╢ी рд╕ंрдмंрдзिрдд рдЕрд╕рдг्рдпाрдЪी рджाрдЯ рд╢рдХ्рдпрддा рдЖрд╣े. рд╢ाрд╣ू рдорд░ाрдаे рдЬрд░ी рдзрд░्рдоाрдиे рдоुрд╕्рд▓ीрдо рдЕрд╕рд▓े рддрд░ी рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рд▓рдЧ्рдиाрддीрд▓ рд╡िрдзी рдЕрдЬूрдирд╣ी рдорд░ाрдаीрдЪ рдкрдж्рдзрддीрдиे рдХेрд▓े рдЬाрддाрдд. рдЙрджा. рдШाрдиा рднрд░рдгे, рд╣рд│рдж, рдирд╡рд▒्рдпा рдоुрд▓ाрдЪी рд▓рдЧ्рдиाрдЕрдЧोрджрд░рдЪी рдЖंрдШोрд│, рд▓рдЧ्рдиाрдд рдЙрдкрд░рдг्рдпाрд▓ा рдмांрдзрд▓ी рдЬाрдгाрд░ी рдЧाрда рдмрд╣िрдгीрдиे рдкрд╕े рдЙрдХрд│рд▓्рдпाрд╡рд░рдЪ рд╕ोрдбрд╡рдгे, рдоाрдирд▓ेрд▓ा рднाрдК рдпा рдкрдж्рдзрддी рдЖрдЬрд╣ी рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпाрдд рдЕрд╕्рддिрдд्рд╡ाрдд рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рдШрд░ाрддीрд▓ рдПрдЦाрджी рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддी рдЖрдЬाрд░ी рдЕрд╕ेрд▓ рддрд░ рдЭाрдбाрд▓ा рджोрд░ा рдмांрдзрдгे, рдШрд░ाрдд рдПрдЦाрджी рдирд╡ीрди рд╡рд╕्рддू рдШेрддрд▓ी рддрд░ рддिрд▓ा рд╕ोрди्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рджाрдЧिрди्рдпाрдиे рдУрд╡ाрд│рдгे, рдЗ. рдкрдж्рдзрддी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдд рдЬрд░ी рдЖрдЬ рд▓ुрдк्рдд рд╣ोрдд рдЖрд▓्рдпा рдЕрд╕рд▓्рдпा (рдХेрд╡рд│ рдХाрд╣ी рдЧ्рд░ाрдоीрдг рднाрдЧाрддрдЪ рдЯिрдХूрди рдЕрд╕рд▓्рдпा) рддрд░ी рд╕ाрд╣ू рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдордз्рдпे рдЕрдЬूрдирд╣ी рдд्рдпा рдк्рд░рдЪрд▓िрдд рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдХाрд╣ी рдорд░ाрдаी рд╢рдм्рджрд╣ी рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рднाрд╖ेрдд рдЖрд▓ेрд▓े рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рдЙрджा.‘рдЖрдИ’ рд╣ा рд╢рдм्рдж рд╕ाрд╣ू рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдордз्рдпे рдЖрдИрд▓ा рд╕ंрдмोрдзिрдд рдХрд░ाрдпрд▓ा рдЕрдЬूрдирд╣ी рд╡ाрдкрд░рд▓ा рдЬाрддो. рдоूрд│рдЪ्рдпा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдиेрд╣ी рд╣ा рд╢рдм्рдж рд╕्рд╡ीрдХाрд░рд▓ा рдЖрд╣े.
рд╕्рдд्рд░िрдпांрдЪी рдХाрд╣ी рдорд░ाрдаी рдиाрд╡े- рдХрдоोрд▓ (рдХрдорд│), рдЧोрджी (‘рдЧोрджाрд╡рд░ी’рдЪे рд╕ंрдХ्рд╖िрдк्рдд рд░ूрдк), рдЧौрд░ी, рд╕рдмुрд▓ा (рд╕ुрднрдж्рд░ा) рдЕрдЬूрдирд╣ी рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпाрдд рд╡ाрдкрд░рд▓ी рдЬाрддाрдд. рд╡िрдиोрджाрдЪी рдЧोрд╖्рдЯ рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬे рдЬрд╕े рдорд░ाрдаीрдд рд╕ुрдиीрд▓рдЪे ‘рд╕ुрди्рдпा’ рдЕрд╕े рдЯोрдкрдгрдиाрд╡ рд╣ोрддे рддрд╕ेрдЪ рдЕрдЬूрдирд╣ी рд╕ाрд╣ू рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдордз्рдпे рдЯोрдкрдгрдиाрд╡ рдаेрд╡рд▓े рдЬाрддे. рдЙрджा. рдХाрд╕ीрдо рдпा рдиाрд╡ाрдЪे рдЯोрдкрдгрдиाрд╡ ‘рдХाрд╕ू’ рдЕрд╕े рдХेрд▓े рдЬाрддे. рддिрд╕рд░े- рджрд░ुрд░рдЧ рдорд░ाрдаा! рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдЪ्рдпा рддीрди рд╡рд░्рдЧाрдкрдХी рд╣ा рд╡рд░्рдЧ рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпेрдиे рд╕рд░्рд╡ाрдд рдХрдоी рдЖрд╣े. рд╣ा рд╡рд░्рдЧ рд╕ुрд░ुрд╡ाрддीрдкाрд╕ूрди рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╕рд░рджाрд░ांрд╢ी рд╕ंрдмंрдзिрдд рд╣ोрддा рд╡ рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдд्рдпांрдиा рдоोрдаा рдоाрди рдоिрд│рдд рдЕрд╕े. рдЖрдЬ рдпा рд╡рд░्рдЧाрддрд▓े рдХाрд╣ी рд▓ोрдХ рдоोрдаे рдЬрдоीрдирджाрд░ рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рдпा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрддीрд▓ рдпुрд╡рдХांрдиा рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪा рдЕрднिрдоाрди рдЖрд╣े. рдмрд▒्рдпाрдЪ рдпुрд╡рдХांрдЪ्рдпा рдлेрд╕рдмुрдХ рдк्рд░ोрдлाрдЗрд▓рд╡рд░ рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪा рдлोрдЯो рджिрд╕рддो. рдпा рддिрди्рд╣ी рд╡рд░्рдЧाрддीрд▓ рдорд░ाрдаी рдмांрдзрд╡ांрдиी рдЗрддрд░ рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЬрдоाрддींрдкेрдХ्рд╖ा рд╢िрдХ्рд╖рдгाрдд рд▓рд╡рдХрд░ рдк्рд░рдЧрддी рдХेрд▓ी. рдЖрдЬ рдпा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрддीрд▓ рд▓ोрдХ рдЗंрдЬिрдиीрдЕрд░्рд╕, рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ी рдЕрдзिрдХाрд░ी, рд╢िрдХ्рд╖рдХ, рдк्рд░ोрдлेрд╕рд░ рд╡ рдЙрдЪ्рдЪрдкрджрд╕्рде рд░ाрдЬрдХाрд░рдгी рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рдд्рдпांрдЪी рд╕ांрдкрдд्рддिрдХ рд╕्рдеिрддीрд╣ी рдЗрддрд░ рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдкेрдХ्рд╖ा рдЪांрдЧрд▓ी рдЖрд╣े.
резрепрепрел рд╕ाрд▓ी рдЕрдХрдмрд░ рдПрд╕. рдЕрд╣рдордж (рдкाрдХिрд╕्рддाрдиी рд░ाрдЬрдирддिрдХ рдЕрдзिрдХाрд░ी рд╡ рд╕рдоाрдЬрд╢ाрд╕्рдд्рд░рдЬ्рдЮ) рдпांрдиी рд▓िрд╣िрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдПрдХा рд╕ंрд╢ोрдзрдирдкрд░ рдиिрдмंрдзाрддрд╣ी рдпा рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдЪा рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдкूрд░्рд╡ीрдЪ्рдпा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдоाрд▓рдХांрдкेрдХ्рд╖ा рдЕрдзिрдХ рдЙрдд्рдХрд░्рд╖ рдЭाрд▓्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдПрдХुрдгाрдд рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдд рдЭाрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рд╕ाрдоाрдЬिрдХ рдЙрд▓рдеाрдкाрд▓рдеीрдЪी рдиोंрдж рдШेрдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓ी рдЖрд╣े. рд╕рдз्рдпा рдбेрд░ा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЧाрд╡ाрддीрд▓ реиреж,режрежреж рд▓ोрдХрд╕ंрдЦ्рдпेрдкрдХी рейреж рдЯрдХ्рдХे рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬे ренрежрежреж рд▓ोрдХ рдорд░ाрдаा рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рддрд░ рд╕ुрдИ рд╢рд╣рд░ाрдЪ्рдпा реореж,режрежреж рд▓ोрдХрд╕ंрдЦ्рдпेрдкрдХी рджрд╣ा рдЯрдХ्рдХे рд▓ोрдХрд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा- рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬे реорежрежреж рд▓ोрдХ рдорд░ाрдаा рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рд╕ुрдИ рдо्рдпुрдиिрд╕िрдкрд▓ рдХौрди्рд╕िрд▓рдЪे рд╡्рд╣ाрдЗрд╕ рдЪेрдЕрд░рдорди рд╡ рдбेрд░ा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдо्рдпुрдиिрд╕िрдкрд▓ рдХौрди्рд╕िрд▓рдЪे рд╡िрд░ोрдзी рдкрдХ्рд╖рдиेрддे рд╡ резрек рд╕рджрд╕्рдпांрдкрдХी рд╕ाрддрдЬрдг рд╣े рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рджрд╕्рдп рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рдЗрддрд░ рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЬрдоाрддींрдк्рд░рдоाрдгे рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдЪा рдЬिрд░्рдЧाрджेрдЦीрд▓ рдЖрд╣े. резрепремреж рдЪ्рдпा рджрд╢рдХाрдд рд╕िрд▓्рд╡िрдпा рдоॅрдеेрд╕рди рдпा рдм्рд░िрдЯिрд╢ рд▓ेрдЦिрдХेрдиे рд▓िрд╣िрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा ‘рдЯाрдпрдЧрд░्рд╕ рдСрдл рдмрд▓ुрдЪिрд╕्рддाрди’ рдпा рдкुрд╕्рддрдХाрдд рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдЪे рдЙрд▓्рд▓ेрдЦ рдЖрдврд│рддाрдд. рд▓ेрдЦिрдХेрдЪे рдкрддी рд╕ुрдИ рдкेрдЯ्рд░ोрд▓िрдпрдо рдХंрдкрдиीрдд рдиोрдХрд░ीрд▓ा рд╣ोрддे. рд▓ेрдЦिрдХेрдиे рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬрдЬीрд╡рдиाрдЪे рд╡ाрд╕्рддрд╡рджрд░्рд╢ी рд╡рд░्рдгрди рдпा рдкुрд╕्рддрдХाрдд рдХेрд▓े рдЖрд╣े. рдордЯ्рд░ा (‘рдорд░ाрдаा’ рд╢рдм्рджाрдЪा рдЗंрдЧ्рд░рдЬी рдЕрдкрдн्рд░ंрд╢) рд▓ोрдХ рд░ंрдЧाрдиे рдХाрд│ेрд╕ाрд╡рд│े, рд▓рд╣ाрди рдЙंрдЪीрдЪे рдЖрд╣ेрдд рдЖрдгि рдЗрддрд░ рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдкेрдХ्рд╖ा рд╡ांрд╢िрдХрджृрд╖्рдЯреЯा рднिрди्рди рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рдпा рд▓ेрдЦिрдХेрдЪ्рдпा рдо्рд╣рдгрдг्рдпाрдиुрд╕ाрд░, рдпा рдорд░ाрдаा рд▓ोрдХांрдиा резрел рд╡्рдпा рд╢рддрдХाрдд рд╣ुрдоाрдпूрди рдмाрджрд╢рд╣ाрд▓ा рдЬेрд╡्рд╣ा рдоीрд░ рдЪाрдХूрд░ рдЦाрди (рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╕рд░рджाрд░) рдпाрдиे рджिрд▓्рд▓ीрдЬрд╡рд│ीрд▓ рдпुрдж्рдзाрдд рдорджрдд рдХेрд▓ी рдд्рдпाрд╡ेрд│ेрд╕ рдмंрджी рдмрдирд╡ूрди рдЧुрд▓ाрдо рдо्рд╣рдгूрди рдпेрдеे рдЖрдгрдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓े. рдкрд░ंрддु рд╣े рд╕ाрдл рдЪुрдХीрдЪे рд╡ाрдЯрддे. рдХाрд░рдг резрел рд╡्рдпा рд╢рддрдХाрдд рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рди्рдп рдЙрдд्рддрд░ेрдд рдЧेрд▓े рд╣ोрддे рдпाрдмрдж्рджрд▓рдЪे рдХुрдард▓ेрд╣ी рд╕ंрджрд░्рдн рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рдиाрд╣ीрдд. рдпाрд╡्рдпрддिрд░िрдХ्рдд рдпा рдкुрд╕्рддрдХाрдд рдорд░ाрдаा рд╡ рдкрдаाрдг рдЧрдЯांрдордз्рдпे рдЭाрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рджंрдЧрд▓ीрдЪे, рддрд╕ेрдЪ рджोрди рдорд░ाрдаा рдкोрд╕्рдЯрдорди рд░ोрдЬ рд░ाрдд्рд░ी рд╕ुрдИ рддे рдбेрд░ा рдмुрдЧрд░्рдЯ рд╡ рдкुрди्рд╣ा рдкрд░рдд рдЕрд╕े ремреж рдХि. рдоी. рдЕंрддрд░ рдкाрдпी рдХрд╕े рдЪाрд▓рдд рдЬाрдд, рдЖрдгि рдПрдХा рдорд░ाрдаा рдЧुрд▓ाрдо рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрдиे рдПрдХा рдЕрд╡рдШрдб рдХрдбреЯाрд╡рд░ рдЪрдвूрди рдЬाрдКрди рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпा рдоाрд▓рдХाрдмрд░ोрдмрд░ рд▓ाрд╡рд▓ेрд▓ी рдкрдЬ рдХрд╢ी рдЬिंрдХрд▓ी рдЖрдгि рдд्рдпा рдмрджрд▓्рдпाрдд рд╕्рд╡рдд:рдЪी рдЧुрд▓ाрдордЧिрд░ीрддूрди рдХрд╢ी рд╕ुрдЯрдХा рдХрд░ूрди рдШेрддрд▓ी, рдпाрдЪे рд╡рд░्рдгрди рдХेрд▓ेрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.
резрепрепреж рдЪ्рдпा рджрд╢рдХाрдд рдЬेрд╡्рд╣ा िрд╣рджी рдЪिрдд्рд░рдкрдЯांрд╡рд░ рдкाрдХिрд╕्рддाрдиाрдд рдмंрджी рдирд╡्рд╣рддी, рдд्рдпाрд╡ेрд│ेрд╕ рдбेрд░ा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдпेрдеे ‘рддिрд░ंрдЧा’ рд╣ा рдЪिрдд्рд░рдкрдЯ рдПрдХा рдЪिрдд्рд░рдкрдЯрдЧृрд╣ाрдд рд▓ाрдЧрд▓ा рд╣ोрддा. рдд्рдпाрдд рдиाрдиा рдкाрдЯेрдХрд░ांрдиी рдПрдХा рдорд░ाрдаी рдкोрд▓ीрд╕ рдЗрди्рд╕्рдкेрдХ्рдЯрд░рдЪी рднूрдоिрдХा рдХेрд▓ी рд╣ोрддी. рдпा рдЪिрдд्рд░рдкрдЯाрдд рдЬेрд╡्рд╣ा рдиाрдиा рдкाрдЯेрдХрд░ ‘рдоैं рдорд░ाрдаा рд╣ूँ. рдФрд░ рдорд░ाрдаा рдоाрд░рддा рд╣ैं рдпा рдорд░рддा рд╣ैं’ рд╣ा рд╕ंрд╡ाрдж рдо्рд╣рдгрддाрдд, рдд्рдпाрд╡ेрд│ी рдЪिрдд्рд░рдкрдЯрдЧृрд╣ाрддीрд▓ рдпा рдорд░ाрдаा рдк्рд░ेрдХ्рд╖рдХांрдиी рд╣рд░्рд╖ांрдиे рд╢िрдЯ्рдЯреЯा рд╡ाрдЬрд╡рдд рдПрдХрдЪ рдЧोंрдзрд│ рдШाрддрд▓ा рд╣ोрддा. рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдпा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрд▓ा рд╕्рд╡рдд:рдЪ्рдпा рдорд░ाрдаीрдкрдгाрдЪा рдиिрд╢्рдЪिрддрдЪ рдЕрднिрдоाрди рдЖрд╣े рд╣े рджिрд╕ूрди рдпेрддे. рдмрд▒्рдпाрдЪ рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдорд░ाрдаा рдмांрдзрд╡ांрдиी ‘рдж рдЧ्рд░ेрдЯ рдорд░ाрдаा’ рд╣ी िрд╣рджी рд╕ीрд░िрдпрд▓ рдЗंрдЯрд░рдиेрдЯрд╡рд░ूрди рдбाрдКрдирд▓ोрдб рдХрд░ूрди рдмрдШिрддрд▓ी. рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рдХрд▓ाрдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ाрддрд╣ी рдпा рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдиे рдЙрдд्рдХृрд╖्рдЯ рдХाрдордЧिрд░ी рдмрдЬाрд╡рд▓ी рдЖрд╣े. ‘рдмेрдмी рдбॉрд▓’ рд╣े рдк्рд░рд╕िрдж्рдз िрд╣рджी рдЧीрдд рдЬ्рдпा рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рдЧाрдг्рдпाрд╡рд░ рдЖрдзाрд░िрдд рдЖрд╣े, рдд्рдпा рдЧाрдг्рдпाрдЪे рдЧाрдпрдХ рд╕рдм्рдЬ рдЕрд▓ी рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╣े рдорд░ाрдаाрдЪ рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рд╕рдм्рдЬ рдЕрд▓ी рдмुрдЧрдЯींрдЪे рдоूрд│ рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рдЧाрдгे рдпू-рдЯреЯूрдмрд╡рд░ рдРрдХрддा рдпेрдК рд╢рдХрддे. рдЬुрди्рдпा рдХाрд│ाрддीрд▓ рдк्рд░рд╕िрдж्рдз рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рдЧाрдгे ‘рд▓рд╡ाрдиी рд▓рд▓ा’ рд╣े рдЧीрдд рдЧाрдгाрд░े рдЬाрд╣рд░ो рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╣ेрджेрдЦीрд▓ рдорд░ाрдаाрдЪ рд╣ोрддे. рдбрдо्рдмुрд░ा рдпा рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рд╡ाрдж्рдпाрд╡рд░ рдмрд▒्рдпाрдЪ рдорд░ाрдаा рдХрд▓ाрдХाрд░ांрдЪी рдЪांрдЧрд▓ीрдЪ рд╣ुрдХूрдордд рдЖрд╣े. рдоाрдд्рд░ рдЖрдЬ рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬ рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЬрдоाрддीрдордз्рдпे рдкूрд░्рдгрдкрдгे рдоिрд╕рд│ूрди рдЧेрд▓ा рдЖрд╣े.
рдордз्рдпंрддрд░ी рдмрд░ाрдЪ рдХाрд│ рд▓ोрдЯрд▓्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдд्рдпांрдиा рдорд░ाрдаी рднाрд╖ा, рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдкूрд░्рд╡рдЬांрдЪी рдиाрд╡े рдЖрдгि рдЗрдерд▓्рдпा рдоूрд│ рдЧाрд╡ाрдЪे рдиाрд╡ рдпाрдмрдж्рджрд▓ рдХाрд╣ीрдЪ рдЬ्рдЮाрдд рдиाрд╣ी. рдПрдХंрджрд░ीрдиे рдкाрдиिрдкрддाрд╡рд░ीрд▓ рдпुрдж्рдзाрдд рдЭाрд▓ेрд▓ी рд╣ाрдиी рд╣ी рдЖрдкрдг рд╕рдордЬрддो рдд्рдпाрдкेрдХ्рд╖ा рдиिрд╢्рдЪिрддрдЪ рдЦूрдк рдЕрдзिрдХ рд╣ोрддी. рдмрд╣ुрд╕ंрдЦ्рдп рдорд░ाрдаा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрджी рдЖрдгि рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рд╡ंрд╢рдЬांрдиा резреорел рд╡рд╖्рд░े рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдЧुрд▓ाрдордЧिрд░ीрдд рджिрд╡рд╕ рдХाрдвाрд╡े рд▓ाрдЧрд▓े. рдЖрдЬрд╡рд░рдЪ्рдпा рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдкिрдвреЯांрддीрд▓ рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдЪी рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा рд╣ी рдкाрдиिрдкрддाрдд рд╢рд╣ीрдж рдЭाрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдиिрдХांрдкेрдХ्рд╖ा рдХिрддीрддрд░ी рдкрдЯीрдиे рдЬाрд╕्рдд рд╣ोрдИрд▓. рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╕рдоाрдЬाрд╡्рдпрддिрд░िрдХ्рдд рдЗрддрд░ рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рд╕рдоाрдЬाрддрд▓्рдпा (рд░्рдоी, рд░ाрдпрд╕ाрдиी рд╡рдЧрд░े) рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдЪी рдЖрдЬ рдХाрдп рд╕्рдеिрддी рдЖрд╣े, рдпाрдЪी рдиिрд╢्рдЪिрдд рдЕрд╢ी рдоाрд╣िрддी рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рдиाрд╣ी.
рдмрд▓ुрдЪिрд╕्рддाрдиाрдд рдЙрди्рд╣ाрд│्рдпाрдд рдкाрд░ा релрежреж рд╕े. рдЪ्рдпा рд╡рд░ рдЬाрддो. рдзुрд│ीрдЪी рдоोрдаी рд╡ाрджрд│ेрд╣ी рд╡ाрд░ंрд╡ाрд░ рд╣ोрдд рдЕрд╕рддाрдд. рдЕрд╢ा рдЦрдбрддрд░ рдк्рд░рджेрд╢ाрдордз्рдпे рдЯिрдХूрди рд░ाрд╣ूрди рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпा рдкुрдврдЪ्рдпा рдкिрдвреЯांрдЪी рдЙрдд्рддрдо рдХाрд│рдЬी рдШेрдгाрд▒्рдпा рдЖрдгि рдЕрдж्рдпाрдкрд╣ी рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпा рдорд░ाрдаीрдкрдгाрдЪा рд╕ाрд░्рде рдЕрднिрдоाрди рдмाрд│рдЧрдгाрд▒्рдпा рдпा рд╕рд╣реЯाрдж्рд░ीрдЪ्рдпा рдХрдгрдЦрд░ рдорд░ाрдаी рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдЪे рдХрд░ाрд╡े рддिрддрдХे рдХौрддुрдХ рдеोрдбेрдЪ рдЖрд╣े. рдЖрдЬрдЪी рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдЪी рдкिрдвी рд╕ुрдЦाрдд рдЖрд╣े. рднाрд░рддाрддीрд▓ рдорд░ाрдаी рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдиे рдд्рдпांрдЪी рджрдЦрд▓ рдШ्рдпाрд╡ी рдЕрд╢ी рдд्рдпांрдЪी рдЕрдкेрдХ्рд╖ा рдЖрд╣े. рд╕рдз्рдпा рдмрд▓ुрдЪिрд╕्рддाрди рд╣ा рдк्рд░ांрдд рдкाрдХिрд╕्рддाрдиी рд▓рд╖्рдХрд░ाрдЪ्рдпा рдЕрдорд▓ाрдЦाрд▓ी рдЖрд╣े. рднाрд░рдд рд╡ рдкाрдХिрд╕्рддाрди рдпांрдЪ्рдпाрддीрд▓ рд╕ंрдмंрдзрд╣ी рд╕рдз्рдпा рддिрддрдХेрд╕े рдЪांрдЧрд▓े рдиाрд╣ीрдд. рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрд╢ी рд╕ंрдмंрдз рдк्рд░рд╕्рддाрдкिрдд рдХрд░рдгे рддिрддрдХेрд╕े рд╕ोрдкे рдиाрд╣ी. рднाрд░рддाрддीрд▓ рдорд░ाрдаी рд╕рдоाрдЬ рдпा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдмांрдзрд╡ांрдЪे рдиिрд╢्рдЪिрддрдЪ рджेрдгे рд▓ाрдЧрддो рдпाрдд рджुрдордд рдиाрд╣ी.
рдЬрд░ी рд╣ा рд╕рдоाрдЬ рд╕्рд╡рдд:рд▓ा ‘рдорд░ाрдаा’ рдо्рд╣рдгрд╡рдд рдЕрд╕рд▓ा рддрд░ी рддो рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрддीрд▓ рдХेрд╡рд│ ‘рдорд░ाрдаा’ рдпा рдЬाрддीрд╢ी рд╕ंрдмंрдзिрдд рдиाрд╣ी. рдХाрд░рдг рдкाрдиिрдкрддाрдд рдЕрдард░ाрдкрдЧрдб рдЬाрддीрдЪे рд╕рдиिрдХ рд╡ рд╕рд░рджाрд░ рд▓рдврд▓े рд╣ोрддे. рдорд░ाрдаीрдЬрди рд╡ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рдпांрдиा рдпा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдмрдж्рджрд▓ рдоाрд╣िрддी рдоिрд│ाрд╡ी, рдпा рд╣ेрддूрдиे рдХेрд▓ेрд▓ा рд╣ा рд▓ेрдЦрдк्рд░рдкंрдЪ. рднрд╡िрд╖्рдпाрдд рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпाрдкाрд╕ूрди рджुрд░ाрд╡рд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдпा рдорд░ाрдаीрдЬрдиांрд╕ाрдаी рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпाрд▓ा рдеोрдбेрдмрд╣ुрдд рдХाрд╣ीрддрд░ी рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрдЪी рдЗрдЪ्рдЫा рд╡्рд╣ाрд╡ी, рд╣ीрдЪ рдд्рдпाрдоाрдЧрдЪी рдЕрдкेрдХ्рд╖ा.
рд╣िंрджुрдд्рд╡ рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬे рдХाрдп? - рдкूрд░्рдг рдкुрд╕्рддрдХ
рд▓рд╣ाрдирдоुрд▓ांрдЪी рдмрдбрдмрдбрдЧीрддे рдЗрдеे рдоिрд│рддीрд▓
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Chhatrapati Shivaji was the great warrior of 17th
century, born in India. He started his mission to form a hindu kingdom
(hindavi swarajya) in his early childhood, at the age of fifteen. In his
life he captured & built about 350 hill forts & coastal forts.
He also formed a strong navy to protect costal region of western India.
Today he is called as the father of Indian navy.
He brought revolution in traditional maratha weapons. This development was the only thing, which took Marathas to the victory
Exactly how was Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaja's Sword?
Was it been offered by Godess Bhavani?
Exactly how was Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaja's Sword?
Maratha Swords are developed by Chh. Shivaji Maharaj, Maratha Swords
are not like other sowrds found in the world. It has a unique
comfortable hilt with a unique pomel.
Was it been offered by Godess Bhavani?
It's a believed that the sword used by
Shivaji Maharaj was presented by Godess Bhawani, but it is a mith. There
is no any evidance found in historical records.How is it depicted in contemporary paintings & sculptures?
This is a famous contemporary painting of Shivaji Maharaj, now at Chh. Shivaji Vastu Sanghrahalay, Mumbai.
It is clearly seen that the sword held by Shivaji Maharaj is straight & hilt of the sword is of Maratha type.
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This is a famous contemporary painting of Shivaji Maharaj, now at British Musium, London.
It is clearly seen that the sword held by Shivaji Maharaj is straight & hilt of the sword is of Maratha type.
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This is a famous contemporary painting of Shivaji Maharaj, by Mir Mahmmad painted before 1688.
In this painting, the sword of Shivaji Maharaj is
held by his Sardar which is marked above. The sword is of Maratha Type
& straight.
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A contemporary stone sculpture at Yadwad, dist.
Dharwad, karnataka in which Shivaji Maharaj is shown holding a sword
which is straight & Maratha Type.
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A contemporary stone sculpture at Shrishail
Mallikarjun, Andhra Pradesh which clearly shows Shivaji Maharaj holding a
sword which is straight.
How do historical references & sources give us information about the sword?
A
famous poet Jairam Pinde from Shivaji's father Shahaji's Royal court
has written a famous Sanskrit poet 'Radha Madhav Vilas Champu' &
'Parnal Parvat Grahan Akhyan' are said to be the most authentic
refrences of Maratha history in which he has mentioned description of
Shahaji's sword which is later given by him to Shivaji Maharaj.
(Refrance : Radha Madhav Vilas Champu, Page No. 99)
(Shivaji Maharaja's Bakhar written by
Chitragupta, Chitnis Bakhar, Shiv-Digvijay Bakhar, Historical records
during Tarabai period)
Shivaji's Original Sword in royal collection Trust,London
One of the sword of Shivaji Maharaj is now in London, in Royal
Collection Trust of Royal family of Britain. This sword was presented by
Shivaji IV of Kolhapur to Prince of Wales in 1875 AD.
The Royal Collection London
Address: Clarence House, St James's Palace, London, SW1 1BA
King Edward VII when Prince of Wales![]()
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Is there a statue of Indian hero Chatrapati Shivaji in Vietnam?
Born: 1841
Died: 1910
Reigned: 1901 -10
Died: 1910
Reigned: 1901 -10
- Eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
- In 1863 married Princess Alexandra of Denmark; their second son succeeded as King George V after the death of the eldest son, the Duke of Clarence, in 1892
- The first member of the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasty
- Presented with jewelled arms and armour on his visit to India (on behalf of Queen Victoria) in 1875-6
- Commissioned Alfred Gilbert to create the Art Nouveau tomb at Windsor for the Duke of Clarence
- As Prince of Wales lived chiefly at Marlborough House, London and at Sandringham House, Norfolk (purchased in 1862 and soon rebuilt)
- After his accession initiated a major refurbishment and redecoration project at Buckingham Palace
- Gave Osborne House and its estate to the nation in 1902
- Commissioned many items from Faberg├й as gifts for Queen Alexandra, including models of animals at Sandringham
Answer:
Yes there is a Statue of Chathrapati Shivaji Maharajah in HO CHI MI of Vietnam.
They installed it as a tribute to the great King of India.
During the Vietnam War they used to study the guerrilla war tactics from the style of Shivaji
The original mail below is in Marathi. Translation is as follows :-
A small country like Vietnam brought a Mighty USA to it's knees. President of Vietnam was asked by reporters, how could they achieve that feat ?
He replied that " I read the character & deeds of a great King, who inspired me to try his war tacticts against the US Forces..and the success just followed."
When asked who was the King , he replied "Shivaji. " He further added that "had such a King been born in Vietnam, we would have ruled the world " After the death of the said Vietnamese President, he had it inscribed on his tombstone " Shivaji Maharaja's One Mavla, has achived Samadhi " ( Since Shivaji's soldiers belonged to Maval region of Maharashtra, they were called Mavlas )
A few years later the Vietnamese, Lady Foreign Minister visited India, and as per SOP conducted to Red Fort and Gandhi's Samadhi. She asked where is "Shivaji's Samadhi" ? The Govt officials went into a flutter, and replied that " at Raigadh". She expressed her desire to visit the same. On reaching the Samadhi at Raigadh, & paying her tributes, she picked up the soil around the samadhi and and put it into her briefcase. When questioned by reporters, she answered " This soil is of land of braves..once I return to Vietnam, I will mix it with soil of my country, so that brave people like Shivaji will be born there."
рд╡िрдпрддрдиाрдо рдПрдХ рдЫोрдЯा рд╕ा рджेрд╢ рдЬिрд╕рдиे рдЕрдоेрд░िрдХा рдЬैрд╕े рдмреЬे рд╡ рдмрд▓рд╢ाрд▓ी рджेрд╢
рдХो рдЭुрдХा рджिрдпा। рд▓рдЧрднрдЧ рдмीрд╕ рд╡рд░्рд╖ों рддрдХ рдЪрд▓े рдпुрдж्рдз рдоें рдЕрдоेрд░िрдХा рдкрд░ाрдЬिрдд рд╣ुрдЖ।
рдЕрдоेрд░िрдХा рдкрд░ рд╡िрдЬрдп рдХे рдмाрдж рд╡िрдпрддрдиाрдо рдХे рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░िрдпाрдз्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рд╕े рдкрдд्рд░рдХाрд░ рдиे рдПрдХ
рд╕рд╡ाрд▓ рдкूрдЫा। рдЬाрд╣िрд░ рд╕ी рдмाрдд рд╣ै рдХि рд╕рд╡ाрд▓ рдпрд╣ी рд╣ोрдЧा рдЖрдк рдпुрдж्рдз рдХैрд╕े рдЬीрддे
рдпा рдЕрдоेрд░िрдХा рдХो рдХैрд╕े рдЭुрдХा рджिрдпा। рдкрд░ рдЙрд╕ рдк्рд░рд╢्рди рдХा рджिрдпा рдЙрдд्рддрд░ рд╕ुрдирдХрд░ рдЖрдк
рд╣ैрд░ाрди рд░рд╣ рдЬाрдпेंрдЧे рд╡ рдЖрдкрдХा рд╕ीрдиा рднी рдЧрд░्рд╡ рд╕े рднрд░ рдЬाрдпेрдЧा।
рджिрдпा рдЧрдпा рдЙрдд्рддрд░ рдкреЭिрдпे।
рд╕рднी рджेрд╢ों рдоें рд╕рдмрд╕े рд╢рдХ्рддिрд╢ाрд▓ी рджेрд╢ рдЕрдоेрд░िрдХा рдХो рд╣рд░ाрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рдоैंрдиे рдПрдХ
рдорд╣ाрди рд░ाрдЬा рдХा рдЪрд░िрдд्рд░ рдкреЭा। рдФрд░ рдЙрд╕ рдЬीрд╡рдиी рд╕े рдоिрд▓ी рдк्рд░ेрд░рдгा рд╡
рдпुрдж्рдзрдиिрддी рдХा рдк्рд░рдпोрдЧ рдХрд░ рд╕рд░рд▓рддा рд╕े рд╡िрдЬрдп рдк्рд░ाрдк्рдд рдХी। рдЖрдЧे рдкрдд्рд░рдХाрд░ рдиे
рдкूрдЫा рдХौрди рдеे рд╡ो рдорд╣ाрди рд░ाрдЬा? рдоिрдд्рд░ों рдЬрдм рдоैंрдиे рдкреЭा рддрдм рдЬैрд╕े
рдоेрд░ा рд╕ीрдиा рдЧрд░्рд╡ рд╕े рдЪौреЬा рд╣ो рдЧрдпा рдЖрдкрдХा рдХा рднी рд╕ीрдиा рдЧрд░्рд╡
рд╕े рднрд░ рдЬाрдпेрдЧा।
рд╡िрдпрддрдиाрдо рдХे рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░िрдпाрдз्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рдиे рдЦреЬे рд╣ोрдХрд░ рдЬрд╡ाрдм
рджिрдпा "рдЫрдд्рд░рдкрддि рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬ" рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬा рдЫрдд्рд░рдкрддि рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдХा рдиाрдо
рд▓ेрддे рд╕рдордп рдЙрдирдХी рдЖँрдЦों рдоें рдПрдХ рд╡ीрд░рддा рднрд░ी рдЪрдордХ рдеी। рдЖрдЧे рдЙрди्рд╣ोंрдиे
рдХрд╣ा рдЕрдЧрд░ рдРрд╕े рд░ाрдЬा рдиे рд╣рдоाрд░े рджेрд╢ рдоें рдЬрди्рдо рд▓िрдпा рд╣ोрддा рддो рд╣рдордиे рд╕ाрд░े рд╡िрд╢्рд╡
рдкрд░ рд░ाрдЬ рдХिрдпा рд╣ोрддा। рдХुрдЫ рд╡рд░्рд╖ों рдХे рдмाрдж рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░िрдпाрдз्рдпрдХ्
рд╖ рдХी рдоृрдд्рдпू рд╣ुрдИ рдЙрд╕рдиे рдЕрдкрдиी рд╕рдоाрдзी рдкрд░ рд▓िрдЦрд╡ाрдпा "рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬ рдХे рдПрдХ
рд╢िрд╖्рдп рдХी рд╕рдоाрдзी"।
рдХाрд▓ांрддрд░ рдоें рд╡िрдпрддрдиाрдо рдХे
рд╡िрджेрд╢рдоंрдд्рд░ी рднाрд░рдд рдХे рджौрд░े рдкрд░ рдеे। рдкूрд░्рд╡рдиिрдпोрдЬिрдд рдХाрд░्рдпрдХ्рд░рдоाрдиुрд╕ाрд░
рдЙрди्рд╣ें рдкрд╣рд▓े рд▓ाрд▓рдХिрд▓ा рд╡ рдмाрдж рдоें рдЧांрдзीрдЬी рдХी рд╕рдоाрдзी рджिрдЦрд▓ाрдИ рдЧрдИ। рдпे рд╕рдм
рджिрдЦрд▓ाрддे рд╣ुрдП рдЙрди्рд╣ोंрдиे рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬा рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдХी рд╕рдоाрдзी рдХрд╣ाँ рд╣ै рдкूрдЫा?
рддрдм рднाрд░рдд рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рдЪрдХिрдд рд░рд╣ рдЧрдпी рд╡ рд░ाрдпрдЧреЭ рдХा рдЙрд▓्рд▓ेрдЦ рдХिрдпा। рд╡िрджेрд╢рдоंрдд्рд░ी рд░ाрдпрдЧреЭ
рдЖрдпे рд╡ рд░ाрдЬा рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдХी рд╕рдоाрдзी рдХे рджрд░्рд╢рди рдХिрдпे।
рд╕рдоाрдзी рдХे рджрд░्рд╢рди рд▓ेрдиे рдХे рдмाрдж рд╕рдоाрдзी рдХे рдкाрд╕ рдХी рдоिрдЯ्рдЯी рдЙрдаाрдИ рд╡ рдЕрдкрдиे
рдмैрдЧ рдоें рднрд░ рд▓ी рдЗрд╕ рдкрд░ рдкрдд्рд░рдХाрд░ рдиे рдоिрдЯ्рдЯी рд░рдЦрдиे рдХा рдХाрд░рдг рдкूрдЫा।
рдоंрдд्рд░ी рдорд╣ोрджрдп рдиे рдХрд╣ा рдпे рдоिрдЯ्рдЯी рд╢ूрд░рд╡ीрд░ों рдХी рд╣ै।
рдЗрд╕ рдоिрдЯ्рдЯी рдоें рдПрдХ рдорд╣ाрди् рд░ाрдЬा рдиे рдЬрди्рдо рд▓िрдпा рдпे рдоिрдЯ्рдЯी рдоै рдЕрдкрдиे рджेрд╢
рдХी рдоिрдЯ्рдЯी рдоें рдоिрд▓ा рджूंрдЧा рддाрдХि рдоेрд░े рджेрд╢ рдоें
рднी рдРрд╕े рд╣ी рд╡ीрд░ рдкैрджा рд╣ो।
рдпрд╣ рд░ाрдЬा рдХेрд╡рд▓ рднाрд░рдд рдХा рдЧрд░्рд╡ рди рд╣ोрдХрд░ рд╕рдо्рдкूрд░्рдг рдЬрдЧ рдХा рдЧрд░्рд╡
рд╣ोрдиा рдЪाрд╣िрдП। рдЕрдкेрдХ्рд╖ा рд╡्рдпрдХ्рдд рдХрд░рддा рд╣ूँ рдХी рдпрд╣ рдкोрд╕्рдЯ рдЖрдк рдмреЬे рдЕрднिрдоाрди рдХे рд╕ाрде
рдЬ्рдпाрджा рд╕े рдЬ्рдпाрджा рд╢ेрдпрд░ рдХрд░ेंрдЧे।
рд╡्рд╣िрдпेрддрдиाрдо рдпा рд▓рд╣ाрдирдЧ्рдпा рджेрд╢ाрдиं
рдЕрдоेрд░िрдХा рд╕ाрд░рдЦ्рдпा рдмрд▓ाрдв्рдп рджेрд╢ाрд▓ा
рдЬрд╡рд│рдкाрд╕ рд╡ीрд╕ рд╡рд░्рд╖ рдЪाрд▓рд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдпा рдп
рдЕрдоेрд░िрдХा рдкрд░ाрдЬिрдд рдЭाрд▓ी рд╣ोрддी. рд╡ि
рд╡्рд╣िрдпेрддрдиाрдордЪ्рдпा рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдз्рдпрдХ्рд╖ा
рдк्рд░рд╢्рди рд╡िрдЪाрд░рд▓ा рд╕ाрд╣рдЬिрдХрдЪं рддो рдпु
рдЕрд╕рдгाрд░ рдЕрдоेрд░िрдХेрд▓ा рдХрд╕ं рдирдорд╡ंрд▓ рд╣ाрдЪ
рджिрд▓ेрд▓ं рд╣े рдЙрдд्рддрд░ рд╡ाрдЪा..... "рдоुрд│ाрдд рдЕрдоेрд░िрдХा рдмрд▓ाрдв्рдп рджेрд╢
рдоाрдд्рд░ рдд्рдпाрдЪ рдмрд▓ाрдв्рдп
рджेрд╢ाрд▓ा рдирдорд╡рдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рдоी рдПрдХा рдорд╣ाрди
рд╡ाрдЪрд▓ं рд╣ोрддं рдЖрдгि рдд्рдпाрддूрди рдоिрд│ाрд▓े
рдоी рдпुрдж्рдзрдиिрддीрдЪा рд╡ाрдкрд░ рдХेрд▓ा рдЖрдгि рд╕
рдХेрд▓ा... рдкुрдвे рдкрдд्рд░рдХाрд░ाрдиं рд╡िрдЪा
рд╣ोрддा рддो рдорд╣ाрди рд░ाрдЬा? рдоिрдд्рд░ाрдиों рдЬ
рддेрд╡्рд╣ा рдоाрдЭी рд╣ी рдЫाрддी рдЪांрдЧрд▓ीрдЪ
рдлुрдЧрд▓ी рдЬрд╢ी рдЖрддा рддुрдордЪी рдлुрдЧेрд▓.. рддрд░
рд╡्рд╣िрдпेрддрдиाрдордЪे рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдз्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рдЬा
рдЖрдгि рдЫрдд्рд░рдкрддी рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬ рдЕрд╕ं
рдкुрдвे рддे рдо्рд╣рдгाрд▓े рдХी рдЕрд╕ा рд░ाрдЬा рдЬрд░
рдЬрди्рдоाрд▓ा рдЖрд▓ा рдЕрд╕рддा рддрд░ рдЖрдЬ рдЖрдо्рд╣ी рдЬ
рдЕрд╕рддं. рдХाрд╣ी рд╡рд░्рд╖ांрдиंрддрд░ рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्
рдЭाрд▓ा рдЖрдгि рдд्рдпांрдиी рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпा рд╕рдоाрдзी
"рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪा рдПрдХ рдоाрд╡рд│ा рд╕рдо
рдЭाрд▓ा" рдЕрд╕ं рд▓िрд╣ूрди
===========
The Marathas - Samurais from Western India
The Marathas are a proud and hardy race who are a sub-set of the wider Hindu
Community. They are first mentioned in Indian history as the stout fighters
in the army of the Chalukya King Pulikeshin who resisted the Southward march
of Emperor Harsha in the 7th century C.E.
CHATTRAPATI SHRI SHIVAJI MAHARAJ
- A statue of this great Saint Soldier
seen against the backdrop of
the fort of Raigad,
which was his capital
The Maratha dynasties of the ancient (pre-Muslim) period are the Chalukyas
(500 C.E. to 750C.E.), the Rastrakutas (750 C.E. to 978 C.E. and the Yadavas
or Jadhavs (1175 C.E. to 1318 C.E.).
The Marathas were the first who crossed Malik Kafur's path, when he invaded
the deccan in 1314 C.E. They were then led by the last scion of the Yadava
dynasty - Ramdev Rai Yadava who ruled from Devagiri (today's Daulatabad). In
their first clash with the Muslims; the Marathas lost to the invaders and
accepted the status of being vassals and mercenaries of their Muslim
overlords.
The Marathas before Shivaji were Mercenaries and revenue Collectors for the
Muslim Rulers
In keeping with the feudal tradition, the Maratha Sardars (Generals), before
Shivaji kept shifting their loyalties from one Muslim ruler to another. And
there were many Muslim rulers like the Adilshahis at Bijapur, the
Nizamshahis at Ahmednagar (Berar), the Qutubshahis at Golkonda (Hyderabad),
etc.
Shahji Bhosale, who was Shivaji's father typified this practice of shifting
loyalties from one Muslim overlord to another. He was from time-to-time in
the service of the Mughals, the Adilshahis and the Nizamshahis. The thought
of establishing an independent Maratha-Hindu kingdom, does seem to have
crossed his mind, but he never really got about to doing it successfully.
The germ of this idea however seems to have got rubbed into Shivaji - his
son by Jijabai.
Shivaji Maharaj - the Visionary Saint-Soldier
Shivaji was born in the year 1627 at the Fort of Shivneri in Maharashtra in
Western India.
SHIVNERI FORT
- The birthplace of Shivaji Maharaj
On the crest of the hill
at the center of this photo
is Shivneri fort.
Shivaji's mother, Jijabai was a direct descendant of the erstwhile Yadav
royal family of Devagiri. She seems to have nursed deep within her mind the
idea of recovering independence from Muslim rule which her Yadav forebears
had lost in the year 1318. Shivaji grew up with these ideas embedded into
him. His childhood stories are those of playing games in which he and his
friends attacked and captured forts held by the enemy.
The Oath of Independence - at Raireshwar
When Shivaji was seventeen, he decided to transform what were till then
simply games to a reality. He and his friends encouraged by Jijabai and his
Guru Dadoji Kondeo; decided to take a formal oath to free the country from
the shackles of Muslim tyranny. This was done in the year 1645 in a dark
cavern housing a small temple to the Hindu God Shiva (locally called
Raireshwar).
At the cave temple of Raireshwar in the Sayhadris Shivaji and his select
band of teenaged Maratha friends slit their thumbs and poured the blood
oozing from it on the Shiva-linga (Phallus representing the Lord Shiva). By
this act they declared a blood-feud against Mughal tyranny.
Here Shivaji and his select band of teenaged Maratha friends slit their
thumbs and poured the blood oozing from it on the Shiva-linga (Phallus
representing the Lord Shiva). By this act they declared a blood-feud against
Mughal tyranny. This was the beginning of a long and arduous Maratha-Mughal
struggle that went on for the next century and a half to culminate in the
defeat of the Mughals and their replacement by the Marathas as the dominant
power in India when the British came into the scene. (But more of the
British later.)
Shivaji's encounter with Afzal Khan
When Shivaji started his military career by capturing the fortress of
Torana, it sent shockwaves in the Adilshshi court at Bijapur. Here was a
local Hindu chieftain, daring to challenge the might of a Muslim ruler. The
retribution was swift and Adil Shah sent in his most fearsome general named
Afzal Khan to bring back Shivaji dead or alive to Bijapur. Afzal Khan who
was reputed to be more than six feet tall and of a real massive built, set
on his mission and in order to lure Shivaji down into the plains, he
destroyed the Hindu temples at Tuljapur, Pandharpur and Shikhar Shenganapur.
Afzal Goes Up to Pratapgad
This ploy failed to work and Shivaji stuck to his Hill fastness in the
Sahyadris. Shivaji even sent a letter to Afzal Khan praising the legendary
strength of Afzal Khan's powerful arms and his reputed fearlessness. Shivaji
addressed him as his uncle and said that he was afraid to come down to meet
Afzal Khan. Shivaji asked him to come up into the hills to meet him and on
condition that Afzal Khan came with not more than few select soldiers. The
proud Khan felt that the Dekkhan-Ka-Chuha (Rat of the Deccan as the Muslims
scornfully addressed Shivaji) had really chickened out.
Afzal Meets his Nemesis in Shivaji
Khan-Saheb agreed to go up the hills at Pratapgad to meet his nemesis. When
the meeting took place, Afzal Khan embraced Shivaji and with his diminutive
enemy (Shivaji was less than five feet in height) in his grip, Afzal
suddenly pulled out his dagger and tried to stab Shivaji. When Afzal's
dagger could not plunge into Shivaji Maharaj due to the protective armour
which Shivaji was wearing, Afzal tried to throttle him. But the wily Maratha
was more than prepared for this as he had come down not only with full
armour that was hidden by his thick satin robes, but he also had with him
the 'Wagh Nakh' - a sharp weapon resembling tiger claws that could be hidden
in the grip of one's fist. In addition, he had the Bichhwa - curved dagger
hidden in the pocket of his waistcoat.
Shivaji Maharaj thrusts the Wagh-Nakh into Afzal's Abdomen when Afzal tried
to stab and then throttle Shivaji Maharaj. Shivaji Maharaj emerged the
victor in this battle of muscles and wits.
Jiwa Mahalaya
On sensing that the Khan meant to throttle him, Shivaji pierced the tiger
claws deep into Khan's belly and pulled out his intestines. After which
Shivaji repeatedly stabbed him with the bichhwa. The Khan bellowed "Daga"
"Daga" and yelled for Syed Banda, his bodyguard to come to his rescue. When
Syed Banda, also a burly Muslim was about to strike Shivaji with his sword,
Shivaji's bodyguard Jiva Mahalya struck off Banda's upraised arm in the air
itself.
PRATAPGAD FORT
This fort was named after the "Pratap" (Act of Valour) of Shivaji Maharaj in
slaying his assailant
- Afzal Khan. This fort is located amdist lofty ranges of the Sahyadris
which soar to a height of 4800 feet above the mean sea level. The fort is
surrounded by deeply forested valleys which were ideal for guerilla warfare
which the Marathas waged against the Muslims to lay the roots of the freedom
struggle and of the Maratha empire.
Santaji Kawji
After this commotion, the bleeding Khan tried to make good his escape and
rushed into his palanquin. As the palanquin bearers set off with the fleeing
Khan, Santaji Kawji, another of Shivaji's select warriors cut-off the feet
of the bearers and Khans' palanquin, with its load of Khansaab fell to the
ground. Santaji Kawji, then finished off the task of sending Khan to his
final resting place. Khan's army which was waiting in the valley was
ruthlessly massacred by the Marathas who were hiding behind every crevice
and bush in the densely wooded jungles around the Pratapgad fort. At the
place where this encounter took place on 10th November 1659 between Shivaji
Maharaj and the Khan, there stands today a Kabar (grave) erected by Shivaji
for the departed Khan's soul to rest in peace.
Bijapur Stymied
The result of this dramatic encounter was that the Bijapur ruler panicked
and after that never posed a serious threat to the growing Maratha power.
The next Muslim power which Shivaji turned to was that of the Mughals. Here
was the real challenge for Shivaji. The Bijapur rulers were a provincial
power, while the Mughals were an power of imperial dimensions whose writ ran
almost all over Northern India.
------------------------------
----
The Siege of Panhalgad
Despite this defeat, Bijapur's Adil Shah made one last attempt to check
Shivaji by sending another general named Siddhi Jouhar against him. Siddhi
besiged Panhalgad where Shivaji was camping. The seige went on for some
months, from summer till the monsoons. But Shivaji Maharaj slipped out of
Panhalgad and reached safely at Vishalgad.
The Brave Deed of Baji Prabhu Deshpande
It is during this escape that Baji Prabhu Deshpande held the pursuing enemy
troops at a narrow pass called Ghod Khind. Baji Prabhu immortalized himself
by laying down his life but ensured that his Master reached safely at
Vishalgad. This narrow pass is today known as Pawan Khind i.e. a Holy Pass.
Made holy by Baji Prabhu's memorably brave deed.
Encounter with Shaista Khan - Aurangzeb's Uncle
The next Khan to come down 'literally' before Shivaji was Shaista Khan. On
hearing Shivaji's depredations, Aurangzeb was furious and wanted to
desperately crush this infidel upstart. He sent his uncle maternal Shaista
Khan with a large and powerful army to checkmate Shivaji.
SHIVAJI MAHARAJ
He set an example
of religious tolerance
in an age when
conversion at the point of the sword
was the norm.
He defended the honour of womenfolk
in an age when
captured women of the enemy
were considered to be the rightful property
by their Muslim captors
to be put in the Haram - concubine chamber.
Shivaji Maharaj was way ahead of his times
in his vision and mission.
But even this time the wily Maratha proved that brain was stronger than the
brawn.
Shaista Khan came into Maharashtra and started devstating towns, villages
fields, temples, forts and everything that came in his path.
Shaista Establishes his Harem in Shivaji's Devghar (Prayer Room)
To provoke Shivaji, Shaista Khan established his camp in Shivaji's home in
Pune called Lal-Mahal. And to top it up, he put up his Harem in Shivaji's
Devghar (prayer room).
Shaista is Lucky - He Only Loses His Fingers
Shivaji bided his time for many months and one on fine day (night), he with
a select band of Maratha Samurais, sneaked into Pune and into the Lal-Mahal.
He tracked down the sleeping Khan to his bed. The Khan sensing that his time
was up tried jumping out of the window. At that point Shivaji cut off the
Khan's fingers with which he was holding on to the window sill.
For all his belligerence,
Shaista Khan proved to be a coward
when he faced Shivaji Maharaj in person.
The Khan, who was Aurang's (the Mughal Emperor) uncle
miserably tried to jump out
of the window when Shivaji Maharaj came for him!
On the Khan's wife's pleading before Shivaji to spare her husband's life as
she considered Shivaji to be her brother. And so killing her husband would
mean making her a widow, Shivaji spared the Khan's life. This was a mistake
for which Shivaji was to pay dearly later. Shivaji made good his escape from
the Khan's lair, but not before the treacherous Khan ordered his troops to
give chase and try to capture the fleeing Shivaji.
Shaista's Retreat from Maharashtra
The Khan however, decided that enough was enough and returned to Delhi -
without his fingers. This happened in April 1663
The failure of his uncle peeved Aurang to no end and he now sent another
general to subjugate Shivaji. This was Mirza Raja Jai Singh, Aurangzeb's
Hindu general who was also the scion of the house of the Suryavanshi
Kachhawaha's who we saw earlier had ingratiated themselves to the Mughal
rulers by giving away their daughters in marriage to the Mughal Padishah.
(The Moghuls incidentally never returned the favour by giving, or even
offerring, their daughters to the Rajputs!). This Mirza Raja Jaisingh who
came with a powerful force was smarter than Shaista Khan sent earlier by
Aurangzeb. Mirzaji laid siege to Purandar alongwith a systematic loot and
destruction of rural Maharashtra.
The Brave Deed of Murar Baji
When Raja Jai Singh and his general Diler Khan laid siege to the Fort of
Purandar. Murar Baji was the Maratha Fort Commandant at Purandar. To break
the morale of the Maratha troops, Diler Khan launched a viscious attack on
the fort and laid waste the surrounding countryside. The Mughals succeeded
in forcing their way into the outer defenses of Purandar.
But the Marathas were not easily intimidated, they withdrew to the inner
fort (bali-killa) and kept on their attack on the besieging Mughals. One
day, Murar Baji decided to rain hell on the enemy and the Marathas stormed
out of the fort and fell upon the Mughals who were occupying the outer fort.
In face of the Maratha attack, the Mughals broke ranks and fled to their
main camp in the plains below, where Diler Khan was camping.
The Fort of Raigad
was the capital of Shivaji Maharaj.
His coronation ceremony
took place in this fort.
The British and other foreign powers
sent their repesentatives to that ceremony.
Seeing the ferocity of the Maratha attack, Diler Khan, decided to tempt
Murar Baji with an offer of making him a general in the Mughal army if he
betrayed Shivaji. When news of this offer reached Murar Baji, in the midst
of the battle, his rage knew no bounds, and in a rash act he pushed into the
ranks of the Mughal troops, hacking right, left and center towards Diler
Khan and shouted at him that he would reply Diler's offer by cutting off his
head and taking it to Shivaji Maharaj.
Murar Baji had left his own troops behind and was now surrounded by Mughal
troops on all sides, but he could only see Diler, whose head he wanted. This
act was brave but rash and cost Murar Baji his life. Their leader dead, the
Marathas withdrew into the fort. The news of this battle and the passing
away of Murar Baji and the long drawn siege along with the destruction of
the countryside forced Shivaji to reach out for a compromise with Jai Singh
in the interests of the sufferring population of Maharashtra.
The Treaty of Purandar
The treaty of Purandar signed between Mirza Raja Jai Singh and Shivaji
Maharaj had among many conditions, one condition that Shivaji accompany
Mirzaji to Agra. Shivaji decided to go to Agra in 1666.
A Maratha Gunpowder Keg. Shivaji Maharaj not only fought for independence,
but strived to preserve it. He created a ministry of Military Affairs in his
eight ministerial cabinet (Asta-Pradhan Mandal).His Minister of Warfare was
Hambirrao Mohite. Shivaji Maharaj established factories at Raigad and at
other important forts for the manufacture of guns and gunpowder.
Shivaji's Visit to Aurangzeb at Agra
At Agra, when Shivaji presented himself at the Moghul court, Aurangzeb
deliberately insulted him by making him stand behind a lesser noble whom
Shivaji has once defeated in battle. This was a calculated humiliation that
Aurang had arranged for Shivaji. As a result Shivaji left the court in a
huff. This gave Aurangzeb an excuse to declare Shivaji of having committed
the offence of insulting the Mughal court.
Imprisonment of Shivaji
Aurangzeb detained Shivaji in Mirza Raja Jai Singh's house where Shivaji had
put up. Shivaji seems to have read Aurangzeb's mind of having him put to
death. Aurag had made plans to shift Shivaji into the proper Mughal
dungeons.
Shivaji's Escape from Aurang's Clutches
Shivaji struck upon an idea and said that he wanted to make peace with God
by sending fruit and sweetmeats to Brahmins and holy men. To this Aurangzeb
consented. One fine day Shivaji and his son Sambhaji hid himself in two of
the sizable baskets in which fruits and sweetmeats had been packed everyday
and made good their escape from Aurnag's custody. In doing this Shivaji must
have had in mind what had happened to his general Netaji Palkar who after
being captured by the Mughals had been forced to embrace Islam and change
his name to Quli Mohammed Khan. Netaji was forced to serve as a Mughal
soldier in Afghanistan, till he too made good his escape and returned to
Shivaji to reconvert to Hinduism and join the forces of Swaraja once again.
Others were not so lucky, they were made to convert to Islam and some others
were horribly tortured to death - as was to happen later with Shivaji's son
Shambhu Raje or Sambhaji, after Shivaji's death.
Shivaji Maharaj's Seal. Shivaji Maharaj was the first Hindu King to ascend
a throne after a long time. During the Dark Days of Muslim Tyranny, Shivaji
Maharaj was one of the very few (along with the Ranas of Mewad), to issue
his own coinage. Shivaji's coinage was in Sanskrit. The coins were in two
main denominations, the Shivrai made of copper was a lower denomination coin
and the Hon was a gold coin of a higher denomination. To erase the memory of
Shivaji Maharaj, Aurangzeb issued an order after the passing away of Shivaji
Maharaj that all Hons were to be imponded and melted. That Aurang did not
succeed in erazing Shivaji Maharaj's illustruous personality from our memory
is another matter.
Opposition form the Orthodoxy
One important event during this time was the escape of Netaji Palkar from
the Mughals and his return to Maharashtra. Netaji had been captured as a
Prisoner of war by the Mughals and had been forcibly converted to Islam. He
had been given the name Mohammed Quli Khan and was marooned as a fighting
soldier of the Mughal forces in far away Afghanistan. For 20 (Twenty) years
he was forced to stay a Muslim in the Mughal army. But one day he got his
chance to escape and he returned to Maharashtra and went to his Master
Shivaji Maharaj. He asked Shivaji Maharaj to re-convert him to Hinduism and
re-habilitate him honourably in Maratha society. But when Shivaji Maharaj
approached the purohits (Priests) to do the needful, they refused to
re-convert a Muslim convert back to Hinduism. On seeing their obstinate
attitude, Shivaji Maharaj, himself performed the necessary rites to
re-convert Netaji into a Hindu.
Incidentally, Shivaji Maharaj was consistently opposed by the retrograde
orthodoxy throughout his military career. Even before his coronation, they
refused to enthrone him citing various reasons that he was not a Kshatriya
by caste and that he had not performed his thread-ceremony! But the will of
the common people of Maharashtra prevailed and Shivaji Maharaj was duly
crowned by the Pandits from Kashi to become Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj.
Coronation of Shivaji as Chattrapati
After returning to the deccan, Shivaji again raised an army and recaptured
all the forts that he had been made to surrender to the Mughals as per the
treaty of Purandar. In this phase we see the exploits of his brave general
Tanaji Malusare who perished while recapturing the invincible fort of
Kondana from Uday Bhan - the renegade Rajput who was the Mughal commandant
of the fort. After all the forts had been recaptured, Shivaji was pursuaded
by Gaga Bhatt (a brahmin from Benaras) and his mother the ageing Jijabai to
formally crown himself as the king of the Marathas. The coronation took
place at Raigad on the 6th of June 1674.
THE ORIGINAL CHATTRI
OF SHIVAJI MAHARAJ
AT RAIGAD FORT
This is the Coronation place
of Shivaji Maharaj,
from which we have
the title Chattrapati.
Narvir Tanaji's Impossibly Brave Deed
The fort of Kondana, which is today on the outskirts of Pune town was then
an outpost overlooking Pune and the surrounding countryside. It was
strategically placed in the center of a string of forts of Rajgad, Purandar,
and Torna. The capture of Kondana was necessary if Shivaji Maharaj was to
re-establish de facto control over the Pune region.
Recognizing the strategic importance of Kondana, the Mughals had maintained
a battalion of 5000 troops led by Udai Bhan, a relative of Mirza Raja Jai
Singh. The fort was built in such a way that all its approaches were covered
by cannon-fire. Only on turret was not well defended as it was at the top of
a vertical overhanging cliff.
Tanaji decided that this was the only way, he could enter the fort. He
dressed himself as a Gondhali (devotee of the Goddess Bhavani of Tuljapur)
and roamed the surrounding villages. He won the trust of one Mahadev Koli
who was in the service of Udai Bhan. Koli presented the disguished Tanaji to
Udai Bhan, who was suitably impressed by this "devotee" and allowed him free
access to the fort.
THE GHORPAD CLIFF
This is the sheer cliff
that Tanaji and his brave Mavalas (comrades) scaled
to surprise the Muslim army
that was engrossed in a drunken orgy
on the plateau seen at the top
during a dark night in 1669.
Tanaji carried out a careful surveillance of the fort and at that very night
when he was told that at the overhanging cliff Udai Bhan and all his senior
commanders would be celebrating a usual party with an alcohol and dance
orgy; Tanaji decided that he should seize this opportunity.
With almost all his troops, Udai Bhan had a roaring party on top of the
overhanging cliff. Unknown to them after midnight, Tanaji and his brave
followers who numbered 300 scaled the cliff using ropes tied to a reptile
called Ghorpad. The Ghorpad can stick fast to any surface and a number of
adults can use this force to scale a vertical cliff with the help of a rope,
one end of which is tied to the Ghorpad. Silently Tanaji and his comrades
slunk up to the top of the cliff.
On the other side his uncle Shelar Mama and his brother Suryaji had moved
close to the other gates of the forts with another 300 Mavalas (Maratha
Soldiers). On a signal from Tanaji, all his comrades who has taken up
strategic position all round the celebrating Mughal army, broke into the
party and mercilessly fell upon their enemies. They started slaughtering the
surprised and ill-prepared and drunken Muslim soldiers.
When Udai Bhan saw that Tanaji - the leader of this invading band of
Marathas was no other than the devotee whom he had given permission to visit
the fort, he flew into a mad rage. On seeing Tanaji, Udai Bhan rushed at him
and we are told that for a few fatal seconds, Tanaji started dancing in the
same fashion as he had done as a Gondhali (devotee) when he had met Udai
Bhan earlier in the day. The enraged Udai Bhan lunged at dancing Tanaji and
cut off the arm with which Tanaji was holding his shield. But undaunted
Tanaji used his turban to ward off further thrusts from the blade of Udai
Bhan's sword and continued fighting him for 2 hours in this state with his
wristless left arm bleeding profusely. It is for this feat of Tanaji, that
he is called Narvir - Brave amongst Men.At the end of this ordeal, the
exhausted Tanaji fell to a fatal swish of Udai Bhan's sword. But Udai Bhan
too was throttled by Shelar Mama and thus lost his life.
NARVIR TANAJI's CHATTRI (MONUMENT)
This is the Monument erected at Simhagad
by Shivaji Maharaj in memory of a brave soldier
who laid down his life for
National Independence.
On this event Shivaji Maharaj
is said to have saidhon this occasion
"Gad aala, paan Simha gela"
(We have won the fort
but have lost the Lion - Tanaji).
The fort of Kondana was renamed as "Simhagad"
in honour of Tanaji's brave deed.
Shivaji Maharaj is said to have said on this occasion "Gad aala, paan Simha
gela" (We have won the fort but have lost the Lion - Tanaji). The fort of
Kondana was renamed as "Simhagad" in honour of Tanaji's brave deed.
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The script for the above applet has been written by Chintamani Thakur.
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A "Nazarana" - The Daughter-in-law of the Muslim Subahdar of Kalyan
During the days after the coronation, many Maratha generals presented
Nazaranas (tribute in kind) to the newly anointed King of Maharashtra. It
was then a practice of the Muslims to abduct any fair maiden and to force
her into the harem as a concubine. (A harem is a term for the living
quarters of abducted women, nominally treated as wives.) On one such
occasion, following the "illustrious" example set by the Muslim aggressors,
a Maratha Sardar also (general) abducted a daughter-in-law of the Muslim
Subahadar of Kalyan, near Mumbai (Kalyan was then under Mughal occupation).
THE TEMPLE OF KHANDOBA AT JEJURI
This was one of the many temples that had been destroyed and converted into
a Mosque by the Muslim aggressors Shivaji Maharaj reconverted it into a
temple. Even today, the temple structure displays a mix of Hindu and Muslim
architecture. But in spite of the trying circumstances of religious bigotry
of the Muslim aggressors in which he operated, Shivaji Maharaj never
disrespected the Muslim faith. Whenever a copy of the holy Koran fell into
the hands of Maratha troops, Shivaji Maharaj had given strict instructions
to treat it with utmost respect and hand it over to the local Maulavis
(Muslim priests).
This Sardar presented this "Nazarana" to Shivaji Maharaj, expecting to be
patted on the back for such a "fair" tribute. Shivaji Maharaj's reaction at
this occasion, gives us an insight into the mind of the person who lived 300
years before us. Shivaji not only chided the general, but warned him and all
the other Maratha generals that such a heinous offence would henceforth
attract a penalty of the offender's hands being chopped off. The dazed
general was asked by Shivaji to return with full honours, the
daughter-in-law of the Muslim Subahadar of Kalyan.
The Maratha ballads (Povadas) that describe this event say that on hearing
Shivaji's dialogue in Marathi the teenaged girl is said to have exclaimed
"Ya Allah, yeh aadmi nahin farishta hai. Ees farishtey pe kamyaabi bahal
karna." ("O Lord, this is not an ordinary man but an angel. Bestow success
on this angel.") The Maratha balladeers, while narrating this event say that
"Asseech amuchi aai asatee,sundar roopavati; amhi hee sundar zhalo asato -
vadaley Chattrapati" ("If my mother had been as beautiful, I too would have
been as beautiful - exclaimed Chattrapati"). These dialogues might as well
be a later romanticization of what actually happened. But it proves a
point - Shivaji Maharaj had risen above the attitudes of religious bigotry,
and beastly behaviour that had come to typify the Indian ruling class under
Muslim rule.
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu Campaigns of Shivaji
After this Shivaji launched his campaign in Karnatak, which took him up to
Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu. The period from 1674 up his passing away in 1680
was a relatively peaceful period, as the Mughal made no more attempts to
molest the Marathas. Only after the passing away of Shivaji Maharaj did
Aurang again dared to venture into Maharashtra, and then too he did not
entrust the task to any general. He came himself in 1682 and stayed on in
the deccan till his death in 1707.
The Marathas After Shivaji Maharaj - Sambhaji
After the passing away of their illustrious leader, the marathas fell into
relative disarray. Shivaji's eldest son Sambhaji did not prove adequate to
the responsibility of preserving the flame of independence to which his
father had given the initial spark. Sambhaji was extremely fearless and
brave. Maratha chronicles (Bakhars) refer to him as in fact more assertive
and independent than his father. But in addition to all this Sambhaji also
had vices like wine and women. In his eventful life, Shivaji Maharaj did not
seem to have had enough time to groom his successor. Sambhaji's temper had a
short fuse. During Shivaji's life-time itself, he had once quarreled with
his father and had gone over to join the Mughals as one of their Mansabdars.
Subsequently, he realized his folly and came back to his father and
repented. But this act of his deeply hurt his father nad also displayed his
chimerical nature for which he was to pay later with a painful death.
Another view of the Khandoba Temple at Jejuri
- Khandoba, the deity at Jejuri is the fighter God of the Marathas. He is
shown astride a horse and has a angry warlike look. This was reason enough
for the Muslims to repeatedly destroy the temple. Even Aurangzeb attempted
to destroy the temple a second time in 1690. He however was thwarted in this
attempt when a nest of hornets was disturbed by the Mughal soldiers while
trying to attack the temple. The hornets so harrassed the besieging Mughal
soldiers that Aurangzeb was forced to lift the siege and spare the temple.
The Bigoted but God-fearing Aurangzeb is said to have placated the angry
bees by offerring One Hundred and Twenty Five Thousand Silver Coins to the
God Khandoba. Even today this place is known as Sava Lakhacha Bhunga.
After the death of Shivaji Maharaj, Sambhaji was crowned as Chattrapati. He
brazenly followed policies detrimental to the fledgling Maratha power. In
this he was given short-sighted advise by his friend Kavi Kalash.
Sambhaji's Assassination
Sambhaji did not falter in battling the Mughals, as well as the Portuguese.
In those days Aurnagzeb had come over to the Deccan. After subjugating the
Bijapur and Golkonda kingdoms, he turned his attention on the Marathas. He
carried on a ceaseless campaign against the Marathas. Sambhaji performed
many daring acts in this guerrilla campaign especially in the Konkan region.
But in spite of his bravery, his short temper and his vices went against
him. One night, when he was passing thru Sangmeshwar with a small band of
bodyguards, he was waylaid by the Mughals and was brought in chains before
Aurangzeb.
On being presented to Aurangzeb, Sambhaji was asked to surrender all his
forts, accept Islam and enter the service of the Mughal Emperor. To this
affront, Sambhaji scronfully replied that he could consider this if
Aurangzeb gave him his daughter in marriage and proclaimed him as the
successor to the Mughal throne! On hearing this Aurang flew into a rage and
decided to torture Sambhaji to death. Sambhaji's eyes were gouged, his
tongue was cut off, followed by his arms and legs. Sambhaji died an inhuman
death, but till the agonizing end he never recanted his faith.
Rajaram, Tarabai and Shahu
After Sambhaji's assassination, his step-brother Rajaram became the king. He
was not especially brave and is said to have been physically weak. During
his time Aurangzeb besieged and captured Raigad. Instead of fighting the
enemy, Rajaram fled from Raigad when the fort was about to be besieged.
Raigad fell into the hands of the Mughals in 1689 when a renegade Maratha
called Suryaji Pisal betrayed the defences of the fort to the besieging
Mughals. During the capture of Raigad, Sambhaji' wife Yesubai and his son
Shahu were taken captive by the Mughals. Rajaram's life as Chattrapati was
spent mostly in fleeing from the Mughal armies. Nevertheless during his
times, the generals like Santaji Ghorpade and Dhanaji Jadhav carried out a
whirlwind guerrilla campaign to harras the Mughal army and never let
Aurangzeb rest in one place. Thus in spite of his presence in the Deccan for
more than 25 years from 1680 to 1707, Aurang could not subsume the flame of
independence lit by Shivaji Maharaj.
A View from the Turrets of Raigad Fort
This fort was invincible.
After the passing away of Shivaji Maharaj in 1680,
the fort could be captured by Aurangzeb in 1689 only when
Suryaji Pisal - a renegade Maratha,
betrayed the defenders and
opened the doors secretly to
let the enemy troops inside at night.
In 1700, Rajaram died of sickness and he was succeeded by his wife Tarabai.
She was the nominal leader of the Marathas from 1700 to 1707, although the
military activities were coordinated by the duo of Santaji and Dhanaji.
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Aurang's Death in 1707
When Aurang died in 1707, his son Azamshah who was with him at his deathbed,
proclaimed himself the Mughal Emperor and prepared to battle his elder
brother Muaazam, who was then in Kabul. To ensure that the Marathas came
over to his side, Azamshah released Shahu who was till then held as a
prisoner by the Mughals. Shahu had been a prisoner for 18 years from 1689 up
to 1707. When Shahu staked his claim to the throne, Tarabi was ruling. A
battle between the two was inevitable. This battle fought at Khed went in
favour of Shahu and he became the Chattrapati. He was incidentally the last
de facto Chattrapati of the Marathas.
The Coronation of Shivaji Maharaj
marked the zenith of a career full of daring acts
of personal bravery of this unique personality.
Prime Ministers Peshwas become de facto Kings
During the days of Shahu, his general Dhanaji Jadhav had a very able
accountant named Balaji Vishwanath Bhatt. This accountant rose in Dhanaji's
favour by dint of hard work. His successful track record brought him
visibility in the eyes of Shahu.
On Dhanaji's passing away, Shahu appointed him as his accountant. During
this period, Shahu was attacked by forces loyal to Tarabai. To face this
attack, Shahu appointed Balaji Viswanath Bhatt as a Senakarta (i.e.
Commander). Balaji Viswanath proved to be an able soldier too. This
increased the confidence Shahu had in him and he appointed Balaji Viswanath
as his representative to negotiate with Kanhoji Angre, the Admiral of the
Maratha Navy, who was at that time with Shahu's rival Tarabai. Before,
balaji Viswanath could take up this assignment, he asked Shahu to appoint
him as a Prime Minister or Peshwa. To this request Shahu conceded and Balaji
Vishwanath Bhatt became the Chattrapati's first Peshwa.
Balaji negotiated with Kanhoji Angre and both consented to accept the
other's independent sphere of influence. With Balaji Vishwanath in charge of
the Maratha military and Kanhoji in charge of the Marathas Navy. This
agreement set the course for Balaji Viswanatha's rise as a Peshwa during his
subsequent visit to Delhi with an army of 12,000 Marathas. During this visit
to Delhi, on an invitation from the Syed brothers in their struggle with the
Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyyar, the Maratha forces led by Balaji Viswanath
clashed with the forces of Mughal Emperor and defeated them. This was the
first Maratha victory over the Mughals in Delhi. This event marks the
asendency of the Marathas in Delhi an asendency that was to last for almost
a century till they were supplanted by the British in 1803.
The Peshwas - Baji Rao, Balaji Baji Rao, Madhav Rao
As we saw above, after Shahu, the de facto executive power passed into the
hands of the hereditary Prime Ministers the Peshwas. Balaji Viawanath Bhatt
was succeeded by his son Baji Rao the first. Baji Rao was a very able and
ambitious soldier and he was the one who consolidated Maratha power in North
India.
The Spread of the Maratha Empire.
The Marathas rose to the status of Imperial Rulers of India. Their rise from
freedom fighters for swarajya to the rulers of Marathi Daulat (Empire) took
place from 1720 to 1761 and lasted till 1803 when they were supplanted by
the British.
Baji Rao died at a relativey young age of 40 in the year 1740. His was
succeeded by his son Balaji Baji Rao. Balaji Baji Rao played a tragic role
in Maratha history and the fissiparous tendencies he let loose ultimately
let to the downfall of the Maratha empire.
His first mistake was to go back on the agreement between his grandfather
Balaji Viswanath Bhatt and Kanhoji Angre according to which the Peshwa was
to have no direct control over the Maratha Navy. He attacked the his own
navy and weakened one arm of the Maratha might.
During his rule, North India was invaded by Ahmed Shah Abdali first in 1756.
Balaji Baji Rao then sent his brother Raghunath Rao along with Malharrao
Holkar to defeat Abdali. Raghunath rao not only defeated Abdali but chased h
im up to the Khyber pass till Attock in Paktoonistan. .
This success of Raghunath Rao aroused the jealousy of Balaji Baji Rao's wife
Gopikabai, who started conspiring against Raghunath Rao to undermine his
influence. This led to corresponding jealousy from Anandibai who was
Ragunath Rao's wife. The unfortunate fallout of this court intrigue ws to
end in the disastrous 3rd battle of Panipat in 1761.Let us see the event
that led to this catastrophe at Panipat.
A Mavla
Maratha soldiers were known as Mavlas
Among them were valiant warriors like Tanaji Malusare,
Murar Baji, Santaji Ghorpade, Baji Prabhu Deshpande, and many others.
Known for their daring bravey
it was they who helped Shivaji Maharaj
lay the foundations of Hindavi Swaraj and
of the Maratha Empire in face of brutal Muslim Tyranny.
But when the Marathas gave up their guerrilla tactics
under haughty and over-confident leaders, the result was PANIPAT
The Persian Invasion of 1740 by Nadir Shah
Some 80 years after Shivaji when the Mughal Empire had been weakened by
repeated Maratha attacks, the Afghan raider Ahmed Shah Durrani (Abdali)
invaded North India. As the Mughals were past their prime and were now
living at the mercy of the Marathas, they did not dare oppose Ahmed Shah.
The task of challenging him was left to the Marathas. The Marathas who then
were on their ascendancy in North India had since the first Persian-Afghan
invasion by Nadir Shah, the king of Persia in 1740, established themselves
as a dominant power in Northern India. The 20 years from 1740 to 1760 saw a
see-saw battle between the Afghans and the Marathas for the domination of
North India.
With the defeat of Mohammed Shah, the Moghul Emperor in 1740 by Nadir Shah
(in whose army Ahmed Shah Abdali was a general), the Mughal power steadily
declined and its place was usurped by the Rohillas who were led by an
ambitious and ruthless chieftain named Najib Khan. Najib's ambition was to
supplant the Moghal Emperor and crown himself as the ruler of India by
capturing Delhi.
The Marathas Liberate Punjab
But the growing power of the Marathas in their northward expansion, stood
between Najib and his ambition. To overcome the Marathas, in 1755, Najib
invited Ahmed Shah Abdali from Afghanistan to help him in defeating the
Marathas and crown himself the ruler of India. In this, he was thwarted by
the Marathas who decisively defeated the Rohillas and Afghans near Delhi in
1756. The defeat was so decisive that Najib Khan surrendered to the Marathas
and became their prisoner. The Maratha forces were led by Shrimant Raghunath
Rao and Malhar Rao Holkar.
After defeating the Afghan-Rohilla forces, the Marathas pursued the Afghans
into the Punjab and beyond up to the Khyber pass. The last frontier of the
Marathas was at Attock in today's NWFP (or Paktoonistan) on the Afghan
border. (This campaign of the Marathas led by Shrimant Raghunath Rao is
called as Raghu's Bharari - i.e. whirlwind campaign.
Thus after nearly 800 after the last Punjabi King Tirlochan Pal Shahi had
been defeated by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1020 C.E. did that part of India come
under Indian rule in 1756 due to the liberation of Punjab by the Marathas.
The Dawn of Swarajya
Shivaji Maharaj gave hope
to the people of Maharashtra in particular
and of India in general by his dream of Hindavi Swaraj.
Maratha Rule gave Indians a sense of self-confidence in themselves
apart from the relief from brutal Muslim Tyranny.
Meanwhile with machinations and trickery, Najib Khan won over Malhar Rao
Holkar and secured his release. On his release Najib started to undermine
the Marathas once again and treacherously killed Dattaji Shinde (eldest
brother of Mahadji Shinde). Najib continued to battle the Shindes in 1757-58
and with his newly found confidence again invited Ahmed Shah Abdali to
invade India.
PANIPAT - A Result of Court Intrigues at Pune
The court intrigues at Shaniwarwada in Pune between Gopikabai (Peshwa Balaji
Baji Rao's wife) and Anandibai (Raghunath Rao's wife) led to the
sidetracking of Raghunath Rao in favour of the Peshwas cousin, Sadashiv Rao
Bhau (along with Viswas Rao the Peshwa's son and successor) as the Supreme
commander of the Maratha forces that were to give battle to Abdali a second
time. It was unfortunate for the Marathas, that due to rivalries, a
successful commander like Raghunath Rao was bypassed in favour of another
general.
Had the Battle of Panipat been won by the Marathas, it would have changed
the subsequent history of India and perhaps if there had been more astute
rulers like Shrimant Thorle Madhav Rao, India's development might have
resembled that of the Asian miracle nation - Japan. (This conjecture is
based on the assumption of a strong domestic political power with a
corollary of wise economic policy to encourage industrial growth as happened
in Japan.)
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The 3rd Battle of Panipat
When Abdali launched his second invasion in 1759 the Marathas who after
their successes in 1756 had been hibernating in Maharashtra and Central
India again woke up and in alliance with the Jat King Suraj Mal of Bharatpur
formed an alliance. This alliance led by Shrimant Sadshiv Rao Bhau and
Shrimant Vishwas Rao (the Peshwa Shrimant Balaji Baji Rao's son) won
spectacular victories and captured Delhi and Kunjapura (where the Afghan
treasury and armoury was located). Here the alliance developed cracks due to
the Maratha insistence on not allowing the Jats to loot Delhi. This
ultimately split the alliance and Suraj Mal withdrew from the alliance. The
Marathas consequently marched upto Panipat, but instead of continuing their
attacks to completely defeat the partly defeated Abdali and Najib Khan, they
stayed put at Panipat, blocking the way of the Afghans back to Afghanistan.
Seeing their way back to their homeland blocked, the Afghans now became
restless. They in turn, decided to block the way of the Marathas back into
the Deccan.
Stand-off for one year
This stand-off continued for one whole year from the 14th of January 1760 up
to the 14th of January 1761. This led to the fall in the morale of the
stranded Marathas and ultimatley led to their defeat at Panipat. The Marathi
term "Sankrant Kosalali" meaing "Sankranth has befallen us" comes from this
event. During this stand-off the Afghans cut-off all supplies to the huge
Maratha army. The Afghans with Najib Khan meanwhile also recaptured Delhi
and Kunjpura. On the decisive day of 14th January 1761 (Makar Sankranti),
the Marathas decided to break-through the Afghan blockade and re-enter
Deccan. The disastrous battle saw about one hundred thousand Maratha troops
being slaughtered in a matter of eight hours. But the Afghans too suffered
heavy losses and decided enough was enough and went back to Afghanistan
never to return to India.
The defeat of the Marathas and the withdrawal of the Afghans created a power
vacuum in North India in the period 1761-1790. It was this vacuum that was
filled up by the rising British power. But more of this later.
The Peshwa Shrimant Madhav Rao the first, receiving a petition from a
representative of the British. Madhav Rao, was the last of the astute
Maratha rulers. His rule in the post-Panipat phase consolidated the
weakening Maratha power which was to result in the initial Maratha successes
against the British at the Battle of Talegaon in 1782 (1st Anglo-Maratha
War) and at the Battle of Assaye (2nd Anglo-Maratha War) some years later.
The Sikhs meanwhile united under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and
carried on the unfinished task of the Marathas. The Sikh general Jussa Singh
Ahluwalia invaded Abdali's kingdom, defeated Abdali ignominiously and
captured his capital city of Kabul. The saffron flag (Nishan Saheb) then
fluttered over Kabul after a gap of 800 years after Raja Jaya Pal Shahi lost
the city to Sabuktagin in 980 C.E.
Mahadji Shinde was the most successful Maratha General of the post-Panipat
phase. He not only overcame the Rohillas under Najib Khan and the Nawab of
Oudh, but even the Mughal Emperor became a pensioner of Mahadji and received
an annual pension from him. Mahadji collected Chauth from all over North
India in the period 1761 to 1790. He even checkmated the British who had to
concede dominion over north India to him under the Treaty of Salbai.
Mahadji Shinde
Meanwhile in India proper, in the period between 1761 and 1790, the Maratha
power was consolidated by Mahadji Shinde, Nana Phadnavis and Shrimant Madhav
Rao Peshwa. Mahadji Shinde took initiative in military matters and he
successfully checked the British in the first Anglo-Maratha war. Later of
course, the Marathas were to succcumb to the British in after the third
Anglo-Maratha war of 1817.
Nana Phadnavis was machiavellian minister of the Peshwa Shrimant Madhav
Rao. He played a crucial role in the defeat of the British in the first
Anglo-Maratha War at Talegaon 1782 that resulted in the Treaty of Salbai
between the Marathas and the British.
Maratha Rule did not Change the Feudal Relations of Production and
Distribution
But as far as changing the feudal economic relations were concerned, the
Maratha rule did nothing. The feudal relations remained intact. Politically
speaking too, the Maratha intermission from around 1720 to 1790 was too
brief a period and though the writ of the Marathas ran in the whole of
western India with parts of the north and south under their domination they
could not bring the entire country uniformly under their rule. And in those
parts of the country they ruled, the feudal relations did not undergo any
fundamental change apart from the abolition of the Jazia penal tax levied on
the Hindus by the Muslim rulers and general freedom from religious
persecution of petty Muslim chieftains and representative of the Muslim
monarchy based at Delhi.
The Statue of Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj
at Shivaji Park in Mumbai.
The spirit of Shivaji Maharaj
continues to motivate the people even today.
In other respects the change of rulership from the Muslims to the Marathas
did not represent a departure from the feudal relations of production and
distribution The next stage in socio-economic development and new forms of
landed property came about with the decline of feudal relations and the
medium which brought this about was British colonialism.
-----------------
Shivaji Maharaj’s Proposed Monument would look like this……….!!!
Few widely circulated photos………………..
!!! Shivrayanche Aathavave Rupe…... Shivrayancha Aathavava Pratap !!!
II JAI MAHARASHTRA II
---------------------
This biography of Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj is in English. Well researched and authentic documentation by Shri Gajanan Bhaskar Mehendale. I recommend to one and all who love to read the the facts of life of Shivaji Maharaj.
03/12-2011
Namaskar.
We are publishing a biography of great sovereign King of India,
“SHIVAJI”. Written by renowned historian Gajanan Bhaskar Mehendale, is
such an attempt after 60/70 years, after Sir Jadunath Sarkar and
Balkrishnan. “SHIVAJI; HIS LEFE AND TIMES” will be published at the end
of December 2011. About 1000 pages, hardbound, plastic jacket, crown
size. Sell price is Rs.2500/-. Advance booking price is Rs. 2000/- only.
So please book your copy in advance. Cheque/DD in favours of PARAM
MITRA PUBLICATIONS. Send your Cheque/DD along with your proper
postal address and phone no. to facilitate us to courier the
book.
The details of the book
Shivaji
His Life and Times
By
Gajanan Bhaskar Mehendale
PARAM MITRA PUBLICATIONS
“Facts are stubborn things; and whatever may be our wishes,
our inclinations, or the dictates of our passion,
they cannot alter the state of facts and evidence.”
The
reverence Shivaji commands in Maharashtra is no less than that accorded
to divinity. He is an object of fascination, even adulation, to every
Maharashtrian Hindu from his childhood. He easily ranks among
the Great Captains of the world, that he was an equally able and humane
administrator and astute statesman. What he accomplished has influenced
the course of Indian history for more than three centuries since his
passing.
About the Author
Gajanan Bhaskar Mehendale earned his Masters in Defence Studies from the University of Pune.
During the 1971 Bangladesh War, he worked as a war correspondent.
Thereafter, he engaged himself in studying history with an emphasis on the life of Shivaji. His Marathi volumes of Shivaji’s biography have been widely acclaimed. Living in Pune, he is an active member of the Bharat Itihas Samshodhak Mandal.
The
present volume is an outcome of his 30 years of research, based on
primary sources, and will provide the readers new insights about the
King’s Life and Times.
Contents
1 India in Shivaji’s Times
2 The Mughals and Other Muslim Rulers in Shivaji’s Times
3 European Colonies in India
4 Shahji
5 Early Career of Shivaji
6 The Elimination of Afzal Khan
7 War on Two Fronts
8 Jai Singh’s Campaigns against Shivaji and the Adilshah
9 Shivaji’s Visit to Agra
10 The Interlude
11 Shivaji’s Civil and Military Administration
12 Offensive against the Mughals
13 Offensive against the Adilshahi Sultanate
14 Coronation
15 All-out Offensive
16 The Karnataka Campaign
17 The Khanderi Campaign
18 Last Triumph and Death
19 Statesmanship And Generalship Of Shivaji
Appendices
I Sources on the Life of Shivaji 642
II Sir Jadunath Sarkar’s Critique of Marathi
Documents of Shivaji’s Times: A review 660
III Shivaji and Saints 674
IV Birth Date of Shivaji
V Shivaji’s Family
VI Shivaji’s Literacy
VII A Spurious Farman
VIII Imprisonment of Rajapur Factors
IX Who Wrote the Letter of Remonstrance Against the Jizya?
X Portraits of Shivaji
XI Coinage in Shivaji’s Times
XII Weights and Measures
XIII Notes on Maps
Notes
Chronology
Bibliography
Index
------------------------------
Please forgive us if your have already booked your copy.
Madhav Joshi
Mob. 09969496634
PARAM MITRA PUBLICATIONS
6, Rajdurga, second Floor,
Naupada, ‘B’ Cabin Road,
THANE (w)—402 602
Maharashatra, India.
===============
===============
Desperately Seeking Shivaji’s Sword
WHILE a lot is known about Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, what continues to remain a mystery is the existence of his original swords.Which is why, time and again, the issue returns to haunt those who to try to trace the missing blades.
This time around, it was the information received by home minister L.K. Advani which put the swords back into news. During his five-day tour of Spain last month, Spanish researchers revealed that one of Shivaji's swords, called Bhawani, was made by craftsmen in Toledo, an industrial township which has excelled in the production of weaponry.
"Yes, it can be true because there has been documentary evidence to show that swords had been imported from Spain because of the quality of steel and the mastery of its workers in designing swords and knives," confirms historian Babasaheb Purandare. According to Purandare, Shivaji possessed three swords which were named Bhawani, Jagdamba and Tulja.
Bhawani, it is believed, is now in the custody of Udayraje Bhosale of Satara who is a direct descendent of Shivaji. "But," says historian Ninad Bedekar, "the sword has been inscribed with the name of Shahu Chhatrapati. As such, this leaves room for doubt about whether this is the same sword as used by the Maratha king." There is, however, no controversy about the originality of Jagdamba which was gifted to Edward VII, the Prince of Wales, during his visit to India. It is now a part of the Indian treasure that adorns Buckingham Palace in London. As for Tulja, the scent for that trail was lost a long time back.
"Essentially," elaborates Bedekar, "there is no written description of the swords available anywhere. That makes it difficult to establish the authenticity of the claims made from time to time.
The only written narrative available is that of the sheath which was penned by a Dutchman called Herbet Jagger." It is this unknown factor which has also prompted a few antique collectors to try and make a fast buck by announcing the find of the original sword(s). "The most famous case on record is that of an antique dealer called Modi who, back in 1930, had come across a sword with an inscription that he claimed proved its ownership. He wanted a price of Rs 10,000 (a hefty amount in those days) and there was quite a hue and cry about this case. Eventually, the buyer of that sword and the answer to whether it was really genuine never came to light," recalls Purandare.
Meanwhile, the Toledo angle has excited historians all over again. And Babasaheb Purandare feels that the government should ask the Spanish authorities to provide a detailed account of the manufacturer's markings on Bhawani, so that these can be compared with the sword in the custody of Udayraje Bhosale. "It is so important to get the record straight," says Purandare. Those who swear by Shivaji will no doubt agree that the effort would be worth it.
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рдЕрдорд░ाрдаी рднाрд╖िрдХांрдиाрд╣ि рдк्рд░ेрд░рдгा рджेрдгाрд░े рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдп !!!
рдЫрдд्рд░рдкрддि рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪे рдХाрд░्рдп,рд╢ौрд░्рдп,рд░ाрдЬрдиिрддी,рдоुрдд्рд╕рдж्рджीрдкрдгा рд╣े рд╕рд░्рд╡ рдХेрд╡рд│ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдЪ्рдпा рдЪौрдХрдЯीрдордз्рдпे рдмंрджिрд╕्рдд рд░рд╣ाрдгे рд╢рдХ्рдпрдЪ рдиाрд╣ी.рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪे рд╕्рд╡рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрдЪे рдЙрдж्рджीрд╖्рдЯ,рдд्рдпाрдоाрдЧрдЪी рднुрдоिрдХा,рдпेрдеे рдПрддрдж्рджेрд╢िрдпांрдЪे рд╕рдорддेрдЪे ,рдордорддेрдЪे, рд╕ुрдЦाрдЪे рд╣िंрджрд╡ी рд╕्рд╡рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдиिрд░्рдоाрдг рд╡्рд╣ाрд╡े рд╣ी рддो рдк्рд░рднुрдЪीрдЪ рдЗрдЪ्рдЫा рд╣े рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪे рдордиोрдЧрдд рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдмाрд╣ेрд░рдЪे рд╡िрдЪाрд░рд╡ंрддाрдиाрд╣ि рдЙрдордЧрд▓े рд╣ोрддे,рдЖрд╣े.рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬ рд╣े рдХेрд╡рд│ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдЪेрдЪ рдиेрддे рдирд╡्рд╣рддे рддрд░ рддे рд╕рд░्рд╡ рднाрд░рддाрдЪे рдЖрджрд░्рд╢ рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкुрд░ुрд╖ рд╣ोрддे рдЕрд╢ी рднाрд╡рдиा рднाрд░рддीрдп рд╡िрдЪाрд░рд╡ंрдд рдЕрди рдк्рд░рддिрднाрд╡ंрдд рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдордиाрдд рд╢िрд╡рдХाрд▓ाрдд рдЕрди рдиंрддрд░рд╣ि рдиिрд░्рдоाрдг рдЭाрд▓ी рд╣ोрддी рдЕрди рдЖрдЬрд╣ी рддी рдХाрдпрдо рдЖрд╣े.рдо्рд╣рдгुрдирдЪ рдорд░ाрдаी рдмрд░ोрдмрд░рдЪ рднाрд░рддाрдЪ्рдпा рдЕрдиेрдХ рднाрд╖ांрдордз्рдпे рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпाрд╡рд░ рдЦंрдбрдХाрд╡्рдпे,
рдорд╣ाрдХाрд╡्рдпे рдЖрдгि рд╕्рдлुрдЯ рдХाрд╡्рдпे рдиिрд░्рдоाрдг рдЭाрд▓ी.рдЗрддрд░ рднाрд╖ेрдордз्рдпे рдЧрдз्рдп рдЕрди рд╡िрд╡ेрдЪрдХ рдЪрд░िрдд्рд░ेрд╣ि рд▓िрд╣िрд▓ी рдЧेрд▓ी рдпाрдд рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪे рдеोрд░рдкрдг рд▓рдХ्рд╖ाрдд рдпेрддे.
рдкрд░рдоाрдиंрдж рдиेрд╡ाрд╕рдХрд░ рд╣े рдорд╣ाрдХрд╡ि рддрд░ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдиा рд╕рдордХाрд▓ीрдирдЪ рд╣ोрддे.рдд्рдпाрдиी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪे рдЪрд░िрдд्рд░'рд╢िрд╡рднाрд░рдд"рд╣े рд╕ंрд╕्рдХ्рд░ूрддрдордз्рдпे рд▓िрд╣िрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.рдд्рдпाрдЪ рдХाрд│ाрдд рдЬрдпрд░ाрдо рдкिंрдбे рдпांрдиी"рдкрд░्рдгाрд▓рдкрд░्рд╡рддрдЧ्рд░рд╣рдгाрдЦ्рдпाрди"рдордз्рдпे рдкрди्рд╣ाрд│ा рдШेрддрд▓ा рдпाрдЪे рд╡рд░्рдгрди рдХेрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.
рдЖрдгрдЦीрд╣ि рдПрдХ рд╕ंрдХрд░्рд╖рдг рд╕рдХрд│рдХрд│े рдпांрдЪे рд╢िрд╡рдХाрд╡्рдп рдк्рд░рдХाрд╢ाрдд рдЖрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.рдд्рдпाрдордз्рдпे рдЪंрдж्рд░рд░ाрд╡ рдоोрд░े рдпांрдЪे рдкाрд░िрдкाрдд्рдп,рдХрд▓्рдпाрдг-рднिрд╡ंрдбीрдЪी рдоोрд╣िрдо, рдЕрдлрдЭрд▓рдЦाрди рд╡рдз рд╣े рддीрди рдорд╣рдд्рд╡ाрдЪे рдк्рд░рд╕ंрдЧ рдд्рдпाрдд рд╡рд░्рдгिрд▓े рдЖрд╣ेрдд.рд╕рдорд░्рдеाрдиी рддрд░ рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рд╡ेрдЧрд│्рдпा рд╡ेрдЧрд│्рдпा рд╕्рд╡рднाрд╡ाрдЪे,рд╡ेрдЧрд╡ेрдЧрд│्рдпा рдкैрд▓ुंрдЪे рд╕ुंрджрд░ рд╡рд░्рдгрди рдХेрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.рдЕрдж्рдиाрдирджाрд╕ рдпा рд╢ाрд╣िрд░ाрдиे рдЕрдлрдЭрд▓рдЦाрди рд╡рдзाрд╡рд░ рдмрд╣ाрдж्рджрд░ рдкोрд╡ाрдбा рд░рдЪрд▓ा рдЖрд╣े.рд░ाрдордЪंрдж्рд░рдкंрдд рдЖрдоाрдд्рдп рд╣े рдЕрд╖्рдЯрдк्рд░рдзाрдиाрддीрд▓ рдПрдХ рдк्рд░рдзाрди.рдд्рдпाрдиी "рдЖрдж्рди्рдпाрдкрдд्рд░ा"рдордз्рдпे рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪ्рдпा рд░ाрдЬ्рдпрд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеेрдмрдж्рджрд▓ рдЕрддिрд╢рдп рдпोрдЧ्рдп рд╢рдм्рджाрдордз्рдпे рд╡рд░्рдгрди рдХेрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.
рднूрд╖рдг рд╣ा рдк्рд░рдЦ्рдпाрдд рд╣िंрджी (рдм्рд░рдЬ рднाрд╖ेрдордзिрд▓)рдХрд╡ि.рдд्рдпाрдиे рддрд░ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪ्рдпा рдоोрд╣िрдоा рдк्рд░рдд्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рдкाрд╣िрд▓्рдпा рдЖрд╣ेрдд.
рд╢िрд╡рднुрд╖рдг рдЕрди рд╢िрд╡ाрдмाрд╡рдиी рдЕрд╢ी рджोрди рдЕрддिрд╢рдп рд╕ुंрджрд░ рдм्рд░рдЬ рднाрд╖ेрддिрд▓ рдХाрд╡्рдпे рдд्рдпाрдиे рд░рдЪрд▓ी рдЖрд╣ेрдд.рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪ्рдпा резрек рдЧुрдгांрдЪे рд╡рд░्рдгрди рдд्рдпाрдиे рдПрдХा рдЫंрджाрдордз्рдпे рдХेрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.......рд╕ुंрджрд░рддा,рдЧुрд░ूрддा,рдк्рд░рднुрддा,рднрдиि рднूрд╖рди рд╣ोрдд рд╣ै рдЖрджрд░ рдЬाрдоे !
рд╕рдЬ्рдЬрдиाрддा рдФ,рджрдпाрд▓ुрддा,рджिрдирддा,рдХोрдорд▓рддा рдЭрд▓рдХे рдк्рд░рдЬाрдоे !!
рджाрди рдХ्рд░ुрдкाрдирд╣ु рдХो рдХрд░िрдмो,рдХрд░िрдмो рдЕрднрдп рджिрдирдирдХो рдмрд░рдЬाрдоे !
рд╕ाрд╣рд╕рдиों рд░рди рдаेрдХ,рд╡िрд╡ेрдХ,рдЗрддे рдЧुрди рдПрдХ рд╕िрд╡ा рд╕рд░рдЬा рдоे !!!!
рд╣िंрджू рдзрд░्рдо,рд╣िंрджू рд╕ंрд╕्рдХ्рд░ूрддी,рдХुрд│рдзрд░्рдо,рдХुрд│ाрдЪाрд░ाрдЪ्рдпा рдЖрдзाрд░े рдЪाрд▓рдгाрд░ी рд╣िंрджू рдкрд░ंрдкрд░ा рдпांрдЪे рд░рдХ्рд╖рдг рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпा рддрд▓рд╡ाрд░ीрдЪ्рдпा рдЬोрд░ाрд╡рд░ рдХेрд▓्рдпाрдЪा рдЙрд▓्рд▓ेрдЦ рдПрдХा рдХрд╡рдиाрдордз्рдпे рдХрд░рддाрдиा рддो рдо्рд╣рдгрддो.....
рд╡ेрдж рд░ाрдЦे рд╡िрджिрдд рдкुрд░ाрди рд░ाрдЦे рд╕ाрд░рдпुрдд рд░ाрдордиाрдо рд░ाрдЦ्рдпो рдЕрддि рд░рд╕рдиा рд╕ुрдзाрд░ рдоे !
рд╣िंрджूрди рдХी рдЪोрдЯी рд░ाрдЦी рд╣ै рд╕िрдкाрд╣िрдирдХी,рдХांрдзेрдоे рдЬрдиेрдК рд░ाрдЦ्рдпो рдоाрд▓ा рд░ाрдЦी рдЧрд░рдоे !!рдоिрдбी рд░ाрдЦे рдоुрдЧрд▓ рдорд░ोрд░ि рд░ाрдЦे рдкाрддрд╕ाрд╣,рд╡ैрд░ी рдкीрд╕ि рд░ाрдЦे рд╡рд░рджा рд░ाрдЦ्рдпो рдХрд░рдоे !
рд░ाрдЬрди рдХी рд╣рдж्рдж рд░ाрдЦी рддेрдЧ рдмрд▓ рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдЬ,рджेрд╡рд░ाрдЦे рджेрд╡рд▓ рд╕्рд╡рдзрд░рдо рд░ाрдЦ्рдпो рдШрд░ рдоे !!!!
рдЕрд░्рде --рд╢िрд╡рдЬीрд░ाрдЬाрдиे рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпा рддрд▓рд╡ाрд░ीрдЪ्рдпा рдЬोрд░ाрд╡рд░ рд╡ेрдж рдЖрдгि рдкुрд░ाрдгे рдпांрдЪे рд╕ंрд░рдХ्рд╖рдг рдХेрд▓े.рд╕рд░्рд╡рд╕्рд╡ाрдЪे рд╕ाрд░ рдЕрд╕े рдЬे рд░ाрдордиाрдо рддे рд╣िंрджूंрдЪ्рдпा рдЬिрд╡्рд╣ेрд╡рд░ рдХाрдпрдо рдаेрд╡рд▓े.рд╣िंрджूंрдЪी рд╢ेंрдбी рд░ाрдЦрд▓ी рдЖрдгि рд╢िрдкाрдпांрдЪी рд░ोрдЯी(рдКрдкрдЬीрд╡िрдХा)рдЪाрд▓рд╡िрд▓ी. рдЦांрдз्рдпांрд╡рд░ीрд▓ рдЬाрдирд╡ी рдЕрди рдЧрд│्рдпाрддीрд▓ рдоाрд▓ा рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖िрдд рдаेрд╡рд▓्рдпा.рдоोंрдЧрд▓ांрдЪे рд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеिрдд рдорд░्рджрди рдХेрд▓े рдЕрди рдмाрджрд╢рд╣ाрд╕ рдоुрд░рдЧाрд│ूрди рдЯाрдХрд▓े.рд╢рдд्рд░ूंрдЪे рдЪूрд░्рдг рдХेрд▓े.рдЗрддрдХे рдХрд░ुрди рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпा рд╣ाрддी рд╡рд░ рджेрдг्рдпाрдЪा рдЕрдзिрдХाрд░ рдаेрд╡рд▓ा.рджेрд╡рд│ाрдд рджेрд╡ рдЕрди рдШрд░ाрдд рдХुрд▓рдзрд░्рдо рдХुрд▓ाрдЪाрд░ рдХाрдпрдо рдаेрд╡рд▓े.(релрез)
рдмंрдЧाрд▓рдЪे рд╕ंрд╕्рдХ्рд░ूрдд рдХрд╡ी рдХाрд▓िрджाрд╕ рд╡िрдз्рдпाрд╡िрдиोрдж "рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдЪрд░िрддрдо्"рдиाрд╡ाрдЪे рдХाрд╡्рдп рд▓िрд╣िрд▓े рдЕрд╕ूрди рддे рдХрд▓рдХрдд्рдд्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рд╕ंрд╕्рдХ्рд░ूрдд рд╕ाрд╣िрдд्рдп рдкрдд्рд░िрдХेрдЪ्рдпा резрез рд╡्рдпा рдЕंрдХाрдд рдк्рд░рдХाрд╢िрдд рдЭाрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.рдмंрдЧाрд▓рдордзीрд▓ рд╢्рд░ी.рдЕंрдмिрдХाрджрдд्рдд рд╡्рдпाрд╕ рдпा рдорд╣ाрдХрд╡ीрдиे рдк्рд░рдЧрд▓्рдн рдЖрдгि рдмाрдгрднрдЯ्рдЯ рд╢ैрд▓ीрдд"рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдЬ рд╡िрдЬрдпрдо्" рдиाрд╡ाрдЪे рдЧрдз्рдп рдЪрд░िрдд्рд░ рд▓िрд╣िрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.рдбॉ.рд╢्рд░ी.рднा.рд╡рд░्рдгेрдХрд░ рдпा рд╡िрдЦ्рдпाрдд рд╕ंрд╕्рдХ्рд░ूрдд рдкंрдбिрддाрдиे"рд╢्рд░ीрд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдЬ्рдпोрджрд░рдо्" рдиाрд╡рдЪे рд╕рд░्рдЧрдмрдж्рдз рдорд╣ाрдХाрд╡्рдп рд▓िрд╣िрд▓े рдЖрд╣े
рдмंрдЧाрд▓рдордз्рдпे рдЧुрд░ुрджेрд╡ рд░рд╡ींрдж्рд░рдиाрде рдЯाрдЧोрд░ рдпांрдиी рд╢िрдЫрдд्рд░рдкрддिंрд╡рд░ рдПрдХ рджिрд░्рдШ рдХрд╡िрддा рд▓िрд╣ूрди рдмंрдЧाрд▓ी рддрд░ुрдгांрдиा рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪा рдЖрджрд░्рд╢ рдаेрд╡рдг्рдпाрдмрдж्рджрд▓ рдЖрд╡ाрд╣рди рдХेрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.рдЫिрди्рди,рд╡िрдШрдЯिрдд рднाрд░рдд рдПрдХ рдзрд░्рдорд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдкाрд╢ाрдд рдмांрдзрдг्рдпाрдЪी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬ्рдпांрдЪी рдЖрдХांрдХ्рд╖ा рдд्рдпांрдиा рдЕрдиुрдХрд░рдгीрдп рд╡ाрдЯрд▓ी рдЖрд╣े.рддे рдо्рд╣рдгрддाрдд.- - -...
рдХोрди рджूрд░ рд╢рддाрдм्рджेрд░,рдХोрди рдПрдХ рдЕрдЦ्рдпाрдд рджिрд╡рд╕ेрдиाрд╣ि рдЬाрдиि рдЖрдЬि
рдорд░ाрдаाрд░ рдХोрди рд╢ैрд▓े рдЕрд░рдг्рдпेрд░ рдЕंрдзрдХाрд░े рдмрд╕े рд╣े рд░ाрдЬा рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी
рддрд╡ рднाрд▓ рдЙрджрднाрд╕िрдпा рдП рднाрд╡рдиा рддрдбिрдд्рдк्рд░рднाрд╡рдд рдПрд╕े рдЫिрд╡ो рдиाрдоि
рдПрдХ рдзрд░्рдорд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдкाрд╢े рдЦंрдб рдЫिрди्рди рд╡िрдХ्рд╖िрдк्рдд рднाрд░рдд рд╡ंрджे рджिрд╡ो рдЖрдоि !!
рд╢्рд░ी.рд╡ा.рдн.рдмोрд░рдХрд░ांрдиी рдпाрдЪा рд╕ुंрджрд░ рдЕрдиुрд╡ाрдж рдЕрд╕ा рдХेрд▓ा рдЖрд╣े----
рдХрд╡рдг рджूрд░ рд╢рддрдХाрдЪ्рдпा рдХрд╡рдг्рдпा рдЕрд╢्рд░ुрдд рджिрд╡рд╢ी рдХेंрд╡्рд╣ा
рдиाрд╣ी рдаाрдЙрдХे рдЖрдЬ рдХрд╡рдг рдорд░ाрдаी рд╢ैрд▓ी рдмрд╕рд▓ा
рдХाрдирди рдШрди рдЕंрдзाрд░ी рдк्рд░рднु рддुрдо्рд╣ी рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдЬ
рддрдбिрдд्рдк्рд░рднाрд╡рдд рдПрдХ рднाрд╡рдиा рдЙрдЬрд│ीрдд рддुрдордЪ्рдпा рднाрд│ा
рд╕्рдеिрд░ाрд╡рд▓ी рд╣्рд░ुрджрдпाрдд рдЫिрди्рди рд╡िрдЦंрдбिрдд рдХ्рд╖िрдк्рдд рднाрд░рддा
рд╕ांрдзिрдд рдмांрдзिрдд рдПрдХ рдзрд░्рдорд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдкाрд╢ाрдд !
рд╢्рд░ी.рдЬोрдЧेंрдж्рд░рдиाрде рдмрд╕ू рдпांрдЪे "рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी" рд╣े рдЦंрдбрдХाрд╡्рдп рдЕрд╕ेрдЪ рдк्рд░ेрд░рдгाрджाрдпрдХ рдЖрд╣े.рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪ्рдпा рд░ाрдЬ्рдпрд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеेрдЪे рд╡рд░्рдгрди рдХрд░рддाрдиा рддे рд▓िрд╣िрддाрдд----
рдж्рди्рдпाрдиी рдЧुрдгी рдоंрдд्рд░ी рдЬрди рдЕрд▓ंрдХ्рд░ुрдд рд╕рднा
рдзрдирдкूрд░्рдг рд░ाрдЬрдХोрд╖ рд╕ुрдЦी рдк्рд░рдЬाрдЧрдг
рд░ाрдорд░ाрдЬ्рдпे рдпрдеा рдмрд╕े рдиिрд╢्рдЪिрдд рдиिрд░्рднрдп
рд╕्рдиेрд╣े рдк्рд░ेрдоे рдмрдж्рдз рдн्рд░ुрдд्рдп рд╕ैрдиिрдХ рд╕рдЪिрд╡
рдЕрд░्рде---рд╢िрд╡рдЫрдд्рд░рдкрддिंрдЪे рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рд╣े рд░ाрдорд░ाрдЬ्рдп рд╣ोрддे.рдж्рди्рдпाрдиी,рдЧुрдгी,рдоंрдд्рд░ीрдЧрдгाрдиी рд░ाрдЬрд╕рднा рднूрд╖िрдд рд╣ोрддी.рд░ाрдЬрдХोрд╖рд╣ि рднрд░рд▓ेрд▓ा рдЕрд╕ूрди рдк्рд░рдЬा рд╕ुрдЦी рд╣ोрддी.рд╕ैрдиिрдХ рдоंрдд्рд░ी рдЖрдгि рд╕ेрд╡рдХ рд╕्рдиेрд╣ाрдЪ्рдпा рдкाрд╢ाрдиे рдмांрдзрд▓ेрд▓े рд╣ोрддे.
рд╢рдЪिрди рд╕ेрди рдЧुрдк्рддांрдиी рдмंрдЧाрд▓ी рднाрд╖ेрдд рдПрдХ рдиाрдЯрдХ рд▓िрд╣िрд▓े рдЖрд╣े." рдЧैрд░िрдХ рдкрддाрдХा " рдпा рдиाрдЯрдХाрдЪ्рдпा рдк्рд░ाрд░ंрднीрдЪ рднрд╡ाрдиी рдоंрджिрд░ाрдд рддाрдиाрдЬीрд▓ा рдЖрдкрд▓ा рдЙрдж्рджेрд╢ рд╕ांрдЧрддांрдиा рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬ рдо्рд╣рдгрддाрдд---- "рдЖрдоि рддाрдЗ рд╢рдХ्рддिрд░ рдЖрд░ाрдзрдиा рдХोрд░рдЫि,рдЖрдоि рддोрд╣рд░ी рдХोрд░рддे рдЪाрдЗрдЫि рдПрдордиी рдПрдХрдЯा рдЬाрддि,рдЬाрд░ рдк्рд░рддिрдЯी рдоाрдиुрд╖ рд╕рдХрд▓ рдЕрдзिрдХाрд░ рдЖрдпрдд рдХोрд░ рдзрд░рдгीрд░ рдмूрдХे рдмेрдбे рдЙрдарддे рдкाрд░े рддाрд░рдИ рдЬрди्рдп рдЖрдоाрд░ рд░ाрдЬ्рдпेрд░ рдк्рд░рдпोрдЬрди" 'рдЧैрд░िрдХ рдкрддाрдХा' рдоुрд│े рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдмंрдЧाрд▓ी рд╣्рд░ुрджрдпाрдд рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬीрд░ाрдЬांрдЪी рдПрдХ рдУрдЬрд╕्рд╡ी рдЕрд╢्рд╡ाрд░ुрдв рдоूрд░्рддी рд╕्рдеाрдкрди рдЭाрд▓ी рдЖрд╣े.рд╕ोрдиाрд░ рдмांрдЧрд▓ाрдордз्рдпे рд▓ोрдХрдоाрди्рдп рдЯिрд│рдХांрдиी рд╢िрд╡рдЬрдпंрддी рдЙрдд्рд╕рд╡ рд╕ुрд░ु рдХेрд▓ा.рд╡ंрдЧ рднंрдЧ рдЖंрджोрд▓рди рдШрдбрд╡ूрди рдЖрдгрд▓े.
рд╢्рд░ी.рдЭрд╡ेрд░рдЪंрдж рдоेрдШाрдгी рд╣े рдЧुрдЬрд░ाрдердЪे рдПрдХ рдиाрд╡ाрдЬрд▓ेрд▓े рдХрд╡ी рдд्рдпाрдиी "рд╣ाрд▓ рд░рдб्рдбु" рдпा рдиाрд╡ाрдиे рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪा рдПрдХ рдЙрдд्рдХ्рд░ुрд╖्рдЯ рдкाрд│рдгा рд▓िрд╣िрд▓ा рдЖрд╣े рдд्рдпाрдордзीрд▓ рдХांрд╣ी рдУрд│ рдЕрд╢ा----рдЕрднрдоां рдЙрдЧेрд▓ рдЪांрджрд▓ोрдиे рдЬिрдЬाрдмाрдЗрдиे рдЖрд╡्рдпा рдмाрд│,рдмाрд│рдбाрдиो рдоाрдд рд╣िंрдЪोрд│े рдШрдгрдШрдг рдбрдЧрд░ा рдмोрд▓े.рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬीрдиे рдиींрджрд░ू рдиाрд╡े рдоाрддा рдЬिрдЬाрдмाрдИ рдЭुрд▓ाрд╡े,рдкेрддрдоां рдкोрдЯीрдиे рд╕ांрднाрд│ेрд▓ी рдмाрд│े рд░ाрдо рд▓рдХ्рд╖्рдордг рдиी рдмाрдд,рдоाрддाрдЬीрдиे рдоुрдЦрдЬे рджी рдеी рдКрдбी рдПрдиी рдКंрдШрддे рджी рдеी !
рдЕрд░्рде...рдЖрдХाрд╢ाрдд рдЪंрдж्рд░ рдЙрдЧрд╡рд▓ा.рдЖрдгि рдЬिрдЬाрдКंрдЪ्рдпा рдкोрдЯी рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдЬрди्рдоाрд▓ा рдЖрд▓ा.рдмाрд▓рдХाрд▓ा рдЬिрдЬाрдмाрдИ рдЖंрджुрд│рддे рдЖрд╣े.рдкрдг рдмाрдЬूрд▓ाрдЪ рдбोंрдЧрд░ाрдбोंрдЧрд░ाрдд рд╕ंрдХрдЯाрдЪा рдШрдгрдШрдг рдЕрд╕ा рдЖрд╡ाрдЬ рдШुрдорддो рдЖрд╣े.рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рд╢िрд╡рдмाрдмाрд│ाрд▓ा рдХाрд╣ी рдЭोрдк рд▓ाрдЧрдд рдиाрд╣ी.рдкोрдЯाрдд рдЕрд╕рддाрдиाрдЪ рдЖрдИрдЪ्рдпा рддोंрдбूрди рдРрдХрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рд░ाрдо рд▓рдХ्рд╖рдордгांрдЪ्рдпा рдЧोрд╖्рдЯींрдиी рдд्рдпाрдЪी рдЭोрдк рдкाрд░ рдЙрдбाрд▓ी рдЖрд╣े
рд╢्рд░ी.рд╡ाрдорди рд╕िрддाрд░ाрдо рдоुрдХाрджрдо рдпांрдиी рдЧुрдЬрд░ाрдеी рдордз्рдпे релреореж рдкाрдиांрдЪे рд╢िрд╡рдЪрд░िрдд्рд░ рд▓िрд╣िрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.рд╣िрди्рджी рднाрд╖ेрдордз्рдпे рд╢िрд╡рдЪрд░िрдд्рд░ाрд╡рд░ рд╕рд╣ा рдорд╣ाрдХाрд╡्рдпे рдЕрд╕ुрди рдЦंрдбрдХाрд╡्рдпे рдмрд░ीрдЪ рдЖрд╣ेрдд.рд╢्рд░ी рдХेрджाрд░рдиाрде рдоिрд╢्рд░ рдпांрдЪे 'рд░рдХ्рдд рдХे рдЕрдХ्рд╖рд░" рд╣े рдЦंрдб рдлाрд░рдЪ рдЙрджрдмोрдзрдХ рдЖрд╣े.рдбॉ.рд╕ुрд░ेрди्рдж्рд░рдиाрде рд╕ेрди рдпांрдиी рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪी' рдкрд░рдХिрдпांрдиी рд▓िрд╣िрд▓ेрд▓ी рдЪрд░िрдд्рд░े 'рдпा рдиांрд╡ाрдЪा рдЧ्рд░ंрде рд╕ंрдкाрджिрдд рдХेрд▓ा рдЕрд╕ूрди рдд्рдпाрдд рдл्рд░ाрди्рд╕िрд╕ рдоाрд░्рдЯीрди (рдл्рд░ेंрдЪ),рдХॉрд╕्рдоा рдж рдЧाрд░्рдбा (рдкोрд░्рддुрдЧीрдЬ)рд╡ рдЕрди्рдп рдбрдЪ рд▓ेрдЦрдХांрдиी рд▓ेрдЦрдХांрдиी рд▓िрд╣िрд▓ेрд▓ी рдоाрд╣िрддी рдПрдХрдд्рд░ рдХेрд▓ी рдЖрд╣े.
рдЦाрдлीрдЦाрди рд╣ा рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪा рдХрдЯ्рдЯрд░ рдж्рд╡ेрд╖्рдЯा рдпाрдиे рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрд╡िрд╖рдпी рдлाрд░्рд╕ी рднाрд╖ेрдд рд▓िрд╣िрд▓े рдЖрд╣े " рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬीрдиे рд╕рд░्рд╡рдХाрд▓ рд╕्рд╡рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдк्рд░рдЬेрдЪा рдоाрди рд░ाрдЦрдг्рдпाрдЪा рдк्рд░рдпрдд्рди рдХेрд▓ा.рд▓рдЬ्рдЬрд╕्рдкрдж рдХ्рд░ुрдд्рдпांрдкाрд╕ूрди рддो рд╕рджैрд╡ рдЕрд▓िрдк्рдд рд░ाрд╣िрд▓ा.рдоुрд╕рд▓рдоाрди рд╕्рдд्рд░िрдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдЕрдм्рд░ूंрдЪे рдд्рдпाрдиे рджрдХ्рд╖рдкрдгे рд░рдХ्рд╖рдгрдЪ рдХेрд▓े.рдоुрд╕рд▓рдоाрди рдоुрд▓ांрдЪेрд╣ि рдд्рдпाрдиे рд░рдХ्рд╖рдг рдХेрд▓े.рдпा рдмाрдмрддीрдд рдд्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдЖрдж्рди्рдпा рдлाрд░ рдХрдбрдХ рд╣ोрдд्рдпा.рдЬो рдХोрдгी рдпा рдЕрдж्рди्рдпांрдЪा рднंрдЧ рдХрд░ीрд▓ рдд्рдпाрд▓ा рддो рдХрдбрдХ рд╢ाрд╕рди рдХрд░ीрдд рдЕрд╕े."
рд╢्рд░ी.рдХोрдоाрд░ाрдЬू рд╡ेंрдХрдЯ рд▓рдХ्рд╖рдгрд░ाрд╡ рд╣े рддेрд▓рдЧू рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕рдХाрд░ांрдЪे рдЕрдЧ्рд░рдгी рд╕рдордЬрд▓े рдЬाрддाрдд.рдд्рдпांрдиी рддेрд▓рдЧू рднाрд╖ेрддीрд▓ " рд╢िрд╡рднाрд░рддрдо "рдиाрд╡ाрдЪ्рдпा рдорд╣ाрдХाрд╡्рдпाрдордз्рдпे рддे рдо्рд╣рдгрддाрдд----
рдзीрд░ рдЧ्рд░рд╕рд░рдоूрд░्рддि рд╣рдЗंрджрд╡рдзрд░िрдд्рд░ी рднाрдЧ्рдп рд╕рдд्рдпाрдкрдирдо्!
рдк्рд░ाрд░ंрднुрдбु рджрдпाрдЧुрдгाрдо्рдмुрдзी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрди्рд╡рдпрдд्рддोрдо рд╕ुंрдбौ
рд╡ीрд░ рдХ्рд╖рдд्рд░ीрдп рдоौрд▓ी рджेрд╢рдордд рдЧोрд╡ेрджाрджि рд░рдХ्рд╖ाрд░्рдкिрдд
рдзीрд░рдо्рдпुंрдб рднрд╡ाрдиी рднрд╡рдд्рдд्рддुंрдб рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рд░ाрдЬु рд╕ाрдоाрди्рдпुрдбे !!
рдЕрд░्рде---рдзीрд░ोрджрдд्рддांрдЪा рдЕрдЧ्рд░ेрд╕рд░,рд╣िंрджुрднूрдоीрдЪ्рдпा рднाрдЧ्рдпोрджрдпाрдЪा рдк्рд░ाрд░ंрднрдХ,рджрдпेрдЪा рд╕ाрдЧрд░,рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдЪ्рдпा рдЪाрд░िрдд्рд░ाрдЪे рдк्рд░рддीрдХ,рд╡ीрд░ рдХ्рд╖рдд्рд░ीрдп.рдоौрд▓ी рджेрд╢,рдЧाрдпी рдЕрди рд╡ेрдж рдпांрдЪा рд░рдХ्рд╖рдгрдХрд░्рддा,рд▓рдХ्рд╖ीрдЪा рд▓ाрдбрдХा рдЕрди рднрд╡ाрдиीрдЪा рднрдХ्рдд рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬीрд░ाрдЬा рдЕрд╕ाрдорди्рдп рд╣ोрддा.
рдХрди्рдирдб рдХрд╡ी рд╢्рд░ी рдиिрд╡ाрд╕ рдпाрдиी рдоाрд╡рд│ेрдЧрд│ рдиाрд╡ाрдЪे рдХाрд╡्рдп рд░рдЪрд▓े рдЖрд╣े,рдд्рдпाрдордз्рдпे рддे рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдпांрдЪे рд╡рд░्рдгрди рдЕрд╕े рдХрд░рддाрдд-----
рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдп рд╢рдд्рд░ुрд░ाрдпрд░ рдЧंрдб рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдпрд░ рд╣рдЧेрдпрдЬрд╡рд░ाрдп
рддрд╡рдХिрдд рдо्рд▓ेंрдЪ्рдЫрд░ рдХрдд्рддрд▓े рддंрдбрдХे рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдп рдЪंрдб рдоाрд░्рддांрдб !!
рдЕрд░्рде--рд╢рдд्рд░ुрдиा рдкुрд░ुрди рдЙрд░рдгाрд░ा рд╡ рд╡ैрд░्рдпांрдЪा рдХрд░्рджрдирдХाрд│ рдЕрд╕ा рд╣ा рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдп рджुрд░्рджाрдд рдоेंрдЪ्рдЫ рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдЕंрдзрдХाрд░ाрдЪा рдиाрд╢ рдХрд░ुрди рдЪंрдб рд╕ूрд░्рдпाрдк्рд░рдоाрдгे рдирднांрдЧрдгाрдордз्рдпे рддрд│рдкрдд рдЖрд╣े .
рд╢्рд░ी.рд╕ुрдм्рд░рд╣्рдордг्рдпрдо рднाрд░рддी рд╣े рддрдоिрд│ рд╕ाрд╣िрдд्рдпाрдЪे рдкिрддाрдорд╣ рд╕рдордЬрд▓े рдЬाрддाрдд.рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдп рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпा рд╕рд╣рдХाрд░्рдпाрдиा рдЙрдж्рджेрд╢ूрди рдЖрд╡ाрд╣рди рдХрд░ीрдд рдЖрд╣ेрдд рдЕрд╕ा рдк्рд░рд╕ंрдЧ рдХрд▓्рдкूрди рддे рд▓िрд╣िрддाрдд--рдЬрдп рдЬрдп рднрд╡ाрдиी!рдЬрдпрдЬрдп рднाрд░рддрдо्
рд╢рдиैрдд्рддрд▓ेрд╡рд░рдШाрд│,рд╢िрд░рди्рдж рдоंрдд्рд░िрдШाрд│
рдиीрд░рджрди рдкुрджрд▓рдШрд░,рдЗрди рдиिрдиैрд╡рд╣ рдЬाрджिрд░!
рднाрд░рддрдиाрдбु рдкाрдХैрд▓्рд▓ाрдо рддिрд▓рдХрдо्
рдиीрд░рджрди рдкुрджрд▓рд╡рд░ рдЗрди рдиिрдиैрд╡рд╣ рдЬाрджिрд░!
рдЕрд░्рде---рднрд╡ाрдиीрдЪा рдЬрдпрдЬрдпрдХाрд░ рдЕрд╕ो,рднाрд░рддाрдЪा рдЬрдпрдЬрдпрдХाрд░ рдЕрд╕ो.рдоाрдЭ्рдпा рд╕ेрдиाрдкрддींрдиो рдЖрдгि рд░ाрдЬрдХाрд░рдгी рдоुрд╕्рддрдж्рджी рдоंрдд्рд░्рдпाрдиो,рддुрдо्рд╣ी рдпा рднुрдоीрдЪे рд╕ुрдкुрдд्рд░ рдЖрд╣ाрдд рд╣े рд╡िрд╕рд░ु рдирдХा.рд╣े рдпा рднुрдоीрдЪ्рдпा рдкाрдИрдХांрдиो,рднाрд░рддрд╡рд░्рд╖ рд╣ा рдЕрд▓рдо рджुрдиिрдпेрдЪा рд╕ौрднाрдЧ्рдп рддिрд▓рдХ рдЖрд╣े рд╣ेрд╣ि рд╡िрд╕рд░ु рдирдХा.
рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдпांрдЪ्рдпा рд╣рдпाрддीрддрдЪ рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рд╡िрд╖рдпीрдЪ्рдпा рдЕрджрднुрдд рдХрдеा рдЖрд╕ाрдордкрд░्рдпंрдд рдкोрд╣ोрдЪрд▓्рдпा рд╣ोрдд्рдпा.рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬीрд░ाрдЬांрдЪी рд╣ी рдоुрд░्рддी рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕ рд╕ंрд╢ोрдзрдХाрдиा рд╣ी рд╢्рд░рдз्рдпेрдп рд╡ाрдЯрд▓ी рд╣े рд╡िрд╢ेрд╖ .рд╕рд░ рдЬрджुрдиाрде рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рд╣े рд╕ुрд░рд╡ाрддीрд▓ा рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪे рднрдХ्рдд рдирд╡्рд╣рддे.рддे рдФрд░ंрдЧрдЬेрдмाрдЪे рдЪрд░िрдд्рд░ рд▓िрд╣िрдд рд╣ोрддे.рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬीрд░ाрдЬे рд╣े рдд्рдпा рдЪрд░िрдд्рд░ाрдордзीрд▓ рдПрдХ рдк्рд░рдХрд░рдг рд╣ोрддे.рдкрдг рдЬрд╕рдЬрд╢ी рд╕ाрдзрди,рдЖрдзाрд░,рдоाрд╣िрддी рдоिрд│рдд рдЧेрд▓ी рдЖрдгि рдЬрджुрдиाрдеांрдиी рддी рд╕рдд्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдиिрдХрд╖ाрд╡рд░ рдШाрд╕ूрди рдкाрд╣िрд▓ी рддрд╢ी рддрд╢ी рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдордиाрдд рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪी рдк्рд░рддिрдоा рдЙрдЬрд│ू рд▓ाрдЧрд▓ी,рдЖрдгि "рдЖрдзुрдиिрдХ рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕ाрддीрд▓ рдпुрдЧрдк्рд░рд╡рд░्рддрдХ рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкुрд░ुрд╖"рдЕрд╢ा рд╢рдм्рджाрдордз्рдпे рдд्рдпांрдиी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪा рдЧौрд░рд╡ рдХेрд▓ा.
рдорд░ाрдаी рднाрд╖ेрдиंрддрд░ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪे рдкрд╣िрд▓े рдЪрд░िрдд्рд░(рдмॉрдпोрдЧ्рд░ाрдлी)рдКрд░्рджूрдордз्рдпे рд▓ाрд▓ा рд▓рдЬрдкрддрд░ाрдп рдпांрдиी рд▓िрд╣िрд▓े.рдиंрддрд░ рдмрд╣ुрддेрдХ рд╕рд░्рд╡ рднाрд╖ांрдордз्рдпे рдд्рдпाрдЪे рднाрд╖ांрддрд░ рдЭाрд▓े.рдкाрд░рддंрдд्рд░ाрдЪ्рдпाрдХाрд▓ी рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрд▓ा рдк्рд░ेрд░рдгा рджेрдгे,рдЧрд▓िрддрдЧाрдд्рд░ांрдЪे рдордиोрдзैрд░्рдп,рдЖрдд्рдорд╡िрд╢्рд╡ाрд╕ рдЬाрдЧ्рд░ुрдд рдХрд░рдгे рдпाрд╣ेрддूрдиे рджेрд╢рднрдХ्рддांрдиी рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬीрд░ाрдЬांрд╡िрд╖рдпी рд╕ाрд╣िрдд्рдп рдиिрд░्рдоिрддी рд╕ुрд░ु рдХेрд▓ी.
рдиेрддाрдЬी рд╕ुрднाрд╖рдЪंрдж्рд░ рдмोрд╕ рдпांрдиी рд╣िंрджुрд╕्рдеाрдиाрддुрди рдк्рд░рдпाрдг рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрдкुрд░्рд╡ि рджिрд▓िрдк рд░ॉрдп рдпांрдЪेрд╢ी рдЬे рдмोрд▓рдгे рдЭाрд▓े рддे рд░ॉрдп рдпांрдиी рдЕрдо्рд░ुрддрдмрдЭाрд░ рдкрдд्рд░िрдХा.рд╣िंрджुрд╕्рдеाрди рд╕्рдЯँрди्рдбрд░्рдб рдпा рд╡्рд░ुрдд्рддрдкрдд्рд░ाрдордзुрди рдкрд╕िрдж्рдз рдЭाрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.рдиेрддाрдЬी рд░ॉрдп рдпांрдиा рдо्рд╣рдгाрд▓े рдХी"рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпाрд▓ा рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪ्рдпा рдзोрд░рдгाрдЪे рдЕрдиुрдХрд░рдг рдХрд░ाрд╡े рд▓ाрдЧेрд▓.рдд्рдпांрдиी strategy рд╣ा рд╢рдм्рдж рд╡ाрдкрд░рд▓ा рдЖрд╣े.рдиेрддाрдЬींрдиाрд╣ि рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪे рдЕрдиुрдХрд░рдг рдХрд░ाрд╡ेрд╕े рд╡ाрдЯрд▓े.
рд╡िрдЬрдпрдирдЧрд░рдЪ्рдпा рдиाрд╢ाрдиंрддрд░ рд╣िंрджुрд╕рдоाрдЬाрдд рдиिрд░ाрд╢ा рдкрд╕рд░рд▓ी рд╣ोрддी.рдЕрдиेрдХ рд╡рд░्рд╖ाрдЪ्рдпा рдЧुрд▓ाрдордЧिрд░ीрдоुрд│े рд╕्рд╡ाрддंрдд्рд░ рдЖрдгि рд╕्рд╡ाрднिрдоाрди рдпांрдЪा рд╡िрдЪाрд░ рдХ्рд╖ीрдг рдЭाрд▓ा рд╣ोрддा.рд╕рдд्рддाрдзिрд╢ рдлрдХ्рдд рдоुрд╕्рд▓िрдордЪ,рд╣िंрджू рд╕рдд्рддाрдзिрд╢ рд╣ोрдЙрдЪ рд╢рдХрдгाрд░ рдиाрд╣ी рдЕрд╕ा рди्рдпुрдирдЧंрдбा рдиिрд░्рдоाрдг рдЭाрд▓ा рд╣ोрддा.рд╣िंрджूрдЪ рдЕрд╕े рдоाрдирдд рд╣ोрддे рдХी"рдЬрдЧрджिрд╢्рд╡рд░ो рд╡ा рджिрд▓्рд▓िрд╢्рд╡рд░ो" рдХाрд╢ीрдЪा рдЬрдЧрджिрд╢्рд╡рд░ рдЖрдгि рджिрд▓्рд▓िрдЪा рдмाрджрд╢рд╣ा...рджोрдирдЪ рдкрд░рдоेрд╢्рд╡рд░.рдЕрд╢ा рдЕрдд्рдпंрдд рдк्рд░рддिрдХूрд▓ рдкрд░िрд╕्рдеिрддीрдордз्рдпे рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдпांрдиी рд╕рдорддेрдЪे ,рдордорддेрдЪे,рд╕ुрдЦाрдЪे рдзрд░्рдорд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдиिрд░्рдоाрдг рдХेрд▓े.рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдиी рдХेрд▓ेрд▓ी рд╣िंрджрд╡ी рд╕्рд╡рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрдЪी рд╕्рдеाрдкрдиा рд╣ी рдПрдХ рдЕрд▓ौрдХिрдХ рдШрдЯрдиा рд╣ोрддी.рднाрд░рддीрдп рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕рдХाрд░ рдЬрджुрдиाрде рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рд▓िрд╣िрддाрдд----
The coronation of Chatrapati Shivaji has shown that the tree of hinduism is not really dead,like the Akshaya vatut tree of allahabad.it can risefrom beneath the seemuingly crushing load of centuries of political bondage.it can put forth new leaves and branches can again lift its head upto the skies.
рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪ्рдпा рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрднिрд╖ेрдХाрдЪी рдХрд▓्рдкрдиा рдЖрд▓ी рдХी ,рд╢्рд░ीрдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдк्рд░рдпाрдЧрдЪ्рдпा рдЕрдХ्рд╖рдп рд╡рдЯрд╡्рд░ुрдХ्рд╖ाрдЪी рдЖрдард╡рдг рд╣ोрддे.рдЬрд╣ांрдЧिрд░ рдмाрджрд╢рд╣ाрдиे рд╣ा рдЕрдХ्рд╖рдп рд╡рдЯрд╡्рд░ुрдХ्рд╖ рдоुрд│ाрдкाрд╕ुрди рддोрдбुрди рдд्рдпाрд╡рд░ рдиिрдЦाрд░े рдаेрд╡рд▓े,рдЕрд╢ाрдХрд░िрддा рдХी рдкुрди्рд╣ा рдХрдзीрд╣ि рдд्рдпाрд╡्рд░ुрдХ्рд╖ाрдЪा рдЕрд╡рд╢ेрд╖ рдХोрдгाрд▓ा рджिрд╕ू рдирдпे.рдкрдг рджрд╣ा рд╡िрд╕ рд╡рд░्рд╖ाрдиी рддो рд╡рдЯрд╡्рд░ुрдХ्рд╖ рдкुрди्рд╣ा рдЙрдЧрд╡рд▓ा! рдд्рдпाрдЪ рдк्рд░рдоाрдгे рд╣िंрджुрдд्рд╡ाрдЪा рд╡्рд░ुрдХ्рд╖ рдЕрдХ्рд╖рдп рдЖрд╣े рд╣े рдЗрддрдХ्рдпा рд╢рддрдХाрдиंрддрд░рд╣ि рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪ्рдпा рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрднिрд╖ेрдХाрдиे рджाрдЦрдЙрди рджिрд▓े.
рдЕрдд्рдпंрдд рд╕्рддुрдд्рдп рд▓ेрдЦрдирдоाрд▓ा! рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдп рд╣े рдХेрд╡рд│ рдорд░ाрдаी рдоाрдгрд╕ाрдЪे рдЖрдгि рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдЪे рдЖрд░ाрдз्рдп рджैрд╡рдд рдирд╡्рд╣рддे рддрд░ рддे рд╕्рд╡ाрддंрдд्рд░्рдпрд╕ंрдЧ्рд░ाрдоाрдд рд╕рд░्рд╡рд╕्рд╡ाрдЪी рдЖрд╣ुрддी рдж्рдпाрдпрд▓ा рд╕िрдж्рдз् рдЭाрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдХ्рд░ांрддिрдХाрд░рдХांрдЪेрд╣ी рдЖрд░ाрдз्рдп рд╡ рд╕्рдлूрд░्рддिрджाрддे рд╣ोрддे.
рд╣ुрддाрдд्рдоा рднрдЧрддрд╕िंрдЧ рд╣े рдХाँрдЧ्рд░ेрд╕рдЪ्рдпा рдмेрд│рдЧाрд╡ рдЕрдзिрд╡ेрд╢рдиाрд▓ा (резрепреирек?) 'рдЕрдХाрд▓ी' рдпा рдкрдд्рд░ाрдЪे рдк्рд░рддिрдиिрдзी рдо्рд╣рдгुрди рдЬेрд╡्рд╣ा рджрдХ्рд╖िрдгेрдд рдЖрд▓े рддेрд╡्рд╣ा рддे рдЖрд╡рд░्рдЬुрди рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдд рдЖрд▓े рд╡ рд░ाрдпрдЧрдбाрд╡рд░ рдЬाрдКрди рдд्рдпांрдиी рддेрдерд▓ी рдоाрддी рдорд╕्рддрдХी рд▓ाрд╡ुрди рд╕्рд╡ाрддंрдд्рд░्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдк्рд░рддिрдЬ्рдЮेрдЪा рдкुрдирд░ुрдЪ्рдЪाрд░ рдХेрд▓ा рд╣ोрддा.
рд╕्рд╡ाрддंрдд्рд░्рдпрдк्рд░ाрдк्рддीрд╕ाрдаी рдЖрддा рджेрд╢ рд╕ोрдбुрди рдмाрд╣ेрд░ рдкрдбрдгे рдЖрд╡рд╢्рдпрдХ рдЖрд╣े рдпा рдиिрд╖्рдХрд░्рд╢ाрдк्рд░рдд рдпेрддाрдЪ рдиेрддाрдЬी рд╕ुрднाрд╖ рдпांрдиी рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпा рддुрд░ुंрдЧрд╡ाрд╕ाрдд рдмाрд╣ेрд░ рдиिрд╕рдЯрдг्рдпाрдкूрд░्рд╡ी рдЬрджुрдиाрде рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рд▓िрдЦिрдд рд╢िрд╡рдЪрд░िрдд्рд░ाрддीрд▓ 'рдЖрдЧ्рд░्рдпाрд╣ुрди рд╕ुрдЯрдХा' рдкрд░्рд╡ाрдЪी рдкाрд░ाрдпрдгे рдХेрд▓ी рд╣ोрддी.
рдоा. рдмाрдмाрд╕ाрд╣ेрдм рдкुрд░ंрджрд░े рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рд╕рд╣рд╡ाрд╕ाрдд рдЬेрд╡्рд╣ा рдкрди्рд╣ाрд│ा-рд╡िрд╢ाрд│ा-рдк्рд░рддाрдкрдЧрдб рдЕрд╕े рднрдЯрдХाрдпрдЪी рд╕ंрдзी рдЖрд▓ी рддेрд╡्рд╣ा 'рдк्рд░рддाрдкрдЧрдбрдЪे рдпुрдж्рдз' рдЬрдЧाрддीрд▓ рдирдК рджेрд╢ांрдЪ्рдпा рд▓рд╖्рдХрд░ी рдк्рд░рд╢िрдХ्рд╖рдг рдЕрдХाрджрдоींрдордз्рдпे рдЕрдн्рдпाрд╕рдХ्рд░рдоाрдд рд╕рдоाрд╡िрд╖्рдЯ рдЕрд╕рд▓्рдпाрдЪी рдердХ्рдХ рдХрд░рдгाрд░ी рдоाрд╣िрддी рдоिрд│ाрд▓ी рд╣ोрддी. рдХрдоीрдд рдХрдоी рд╡ेрд│ाрдд рдХрдоीрдд рдХрдоी рдоाрдгрд╕ांрдиिрд╢ी рдХрдоीрддрдХрдоी рдпुрдж्рдзрд╕ाрдордЧ्рд░ीрдд рдмрд▓ाрдв्рдп рд╢рдд्рд░ूрдЪा рд╕ाрдл рдлрдбрд╢ा рдкाрдбрдгाрд░े рд╣े рдЧрдиिрдоी рдХाрд╡्рдпाрдЪे рдпुрдж्рдз рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬे рдиिрдпोрдЬрди, рдиिрд░्рдзाрд░, рдЕрдн्рдпाрд╕, рдиिрд╖्рдаा рд╡ рд╢ौрд░्рдп рдпांрдЪे рдоूрд░्рддिрдоंрдд рдЙрджाрд╣рд░рдг рдЖрд╣े.
рдХрд╡िрд░ाрдЬ рднुрд╖рдг рдпांрдиी рд╢िрд╡рдмांрд╡рд░ рд▓िрд╣ीрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рд╢्рд░ी рд╕िрд╡рд░ाрдЬ рднुрд╖рдг рдпा рдХाрд╡्рдпाрддрд▓्рдпा рдХाрд╣ी рдУрд│ी рдЗрдеे рджेрдд рдЖрд╣े. рдкंрдбिрдд рд░рдд्рдиाрдХрд░ рдд्рд░िрдкाрдаी рдЕрд╕े рдоुрд│ рдиाрд╡ рдЕрд╕рд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдпा рдЙрдд्рддрд░ рднाрд░рддीрдп рдХрд╡िрдиे рд╕ुрд░ुрд╡ाрддीрдЪा рдХाрд╣ी рдХाрд│ рдФрд░ंрдЧрдЬेрдмाрдХрдбेрд╣ी рдЪाрдХрд░ी рдХेрд▓ी рд╣ोрддी. рдкрдг рддिрдеे рдХेрд╡рд│ рдмाрджрд╢рд╣ाрдЪे рдЧुрдгрдЧाрди рдХрд░рдгाрд░ी рдХाрд╡्рдпेрдЪ рд▓िрд╣ीрдг्рдпाрдЪी рдоुрднा рдЕрд╕рд▓्рдпाрдиे рдпा рд╕्рд╡ाрднिрдоाрдиी рдХрд╡िрдиे рд░ाрдЬाрд╢्рд░рдп рдиाрдХाрд░рд▓ा рд╡ рдкुрдвे рддो рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдпांрдЪी рдХिрд░्рддी рдРрдХुрди рддрдд्рдХाрд▓िрди рд╣िंрджрд╡ी рд╕्рд╡рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓ा. рдХेрд╡рд│ рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрдЪे рдЧुрдгрдЧाрди рдХрд░рдгाрд░ рдиाрд╣ी рдо्рд╣рдгुрди рдФрд░ंрдЧрдЬेрдмाрдЪा рдЖрд╢्рд░рдп рд╕ोрдбрд▓ेрд▓ा рд╣ा рд╡िрд▓рдХ्рд╖рдг рдХрд╡ि рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪ्рдпा рджैрд╡ी рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддिрдордд्рд╡ाрдиे рдПрд╡рдвा рдк्рд░рднाрд╡ीрдд рдЭाрд▓ा рдХी рдд्рдпाрдиे рд░ाрдЬांрд╡рд░ рдПрдХ рд╕ोрдбुрди рджोрди рдорд╣ाрдХाрд╡्рдпे рд▓िрд╣ीрд▓ी.
"рд╢्рд░ी рд╕िрд╡рд░ाрдЬ рднुрд╖рдг" рдЖрдгि "рд╢िрд╡ рднрд╡ाрдиी"
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рдЬै рдЬрдпंрддि, рдЬै рдЖрджि рд╕рдХрддि, рдЬै рдХाрд▓ि рдХрдкрд░्рджिрдиी
рдЬै рдордзुрдХैрдЯрдн рдЫрд▓рдиी, рджेрд╡ि рдЬै рдорд╣िрд╖ рдмिрдорд░्рджिрдиी !!
рдЗंрдж्рд░ рдЬिрдоि рдЬंрднрдкрд░, рд╡ाрдврд╡ рд╕ुрдЕंрднрдкрд░, рд░ाрд╡рди рд╕рджंрднрдкрд░
...............................рд░рдШुрдХुрд▓ рд░ाрдЬ рд╣ै !
рдкौрди рдмाрд░िрдмाрд╣ рдкрд░, рд╕ंрднु рд░рддिрдиाрд╣ рдкрд░, рдЬ्рдпो рд╕рд╣рд╕्рдд्рд░рдмाрд╣ рдкрд░
...............................рд░ाрдо рдж्рд╡िрдЬрд░ाрдЬ рд╣ै !
рджाрд╡ा рджृрдорджंрдб рдкрд░, рдЪीрддा рдоृрдЧрдЭुंрдбрдкрд░, рднुрд╖рдг рдмिрддुंрдбрдкрд░
..............................рдЬैрд╕े рдоृрдЧрд░ाрдЬ рд╣ै !
рддेрдЬ рддрдо рдЕंрд╕ рдкрд░, рдХाрди्рд╣ рдЬिрдоि рдХंрд╕ рдкрд░, рдд्рдпो рдорд▓िрдЪ्рдЫ рдмंрд╕ рдкрд░
.............................. рд╕ेрд░ рд╕िрд╡рд░ाрдЬ рд╣ै
.............................. рд╕рд░्рдЬा рд╕िрд╡рд░ाрдЬ рд╣ै !
рджрд╢рд░рде рдЬु рдХे рд░ाрдо, рдоै рд╡рд╕ुрджेрд╡ рдХे рдЧोрдкाрд▓ !
рд╕ोंрдИ рдк्рд░рдЧрдЯे рд╕ाрд╣ि рдХे, рд╢्рд░ी рд╕िрд╡рд░ाрдЬ рднुрдкाрд▓ !!
рд╕िрд╡ рд╣ि рдФрд░ंрдЧ рдЬीрдд рд╕рдХे, рдФрд░ рди рд░ाрдЬा рд░ाрд╡ !
рд╣рдд्рдеिं рдордд्рде рдкрд░ рд╕िंрд╣ рдмिрдиु, рдФрд░ рди рдШाрд▓ै рдШाрд╡ !!
рдФрд░рди рдХो рдЬो рдЬрдирдо рд╣ै, рд╕ो рдпाрдХो рдпрдХ рд░ोрдЬ !
рдФрд░рдирдХो рдЬो рд░ाрдЬ рд╣ै рд╕ो, рд╕िрд░ рд╕рд░рдЬाрдХो рдоौрдЬ !!
рдЬीрд╡рди рдоें рдирд░ рд▓ोрдЧ рдмрдбों, рдХрд╡ि рднुрд╖рди рднाрд╖рдд рдкैрдЬ рдЕрдбो рд╣ै !
рд╣ै рдирд░ рд▓ोрдЧрдирдоें рд░ाрдЬ рдмрдбों,рд╕рдм рд░ाрдЬрдирдоे рд╕िрд╡рд░ाрдЬ рдмрдбों рд╣ै !!
рдХो рджाрддा ? рдХो рд░рди рдЪрдвो ? рдХो рдЬрдЧ рдкाрд▓рдирд╣ाрд░...!
рдХрд╡ि рднुрд╖рди рдЙрдд्рддрд░ рджिрдЦो, рд╕िрд╡ рдиृрдк рд╣рд░ि рдЕрд╡рддाрд░..!!
рддेрд░े рддेрдЬ рд╣ै рд╕рд░рдЬा рджिрдирдХрд░рд╕ो, рджिрдирдХрд░ рд╣ै рддेрд░े рддेрдЬ рдХे рдиिрдХрдЯрд╕ो !
рддेрд░ो рдЬрд╕ рд╣ै рд╕рд░рдЬा рд╣िрдордХрд░рд╕ो, рд╣िрдордХрд░ рд╣ै рддेрд░ो рдЬрд╕ рдХे рдЕрдХрд░рд╕ो !!
рдХुंрдж рдХрд╣ाँ, рдкрдпрд╡ृंрдж рдХрд╣ाँ, рдЕрд░ु рдЪंрдж рдХрд╣ाँ
............................рд╕рд░рдЬा рдЬрд╕ рдЖрдЧे !
рдмाрдЬ рдХрд╣ाँ, рдоृрдЧрд░ाрдЬ рдХрд╣ाँ, рдЧрдЬрд░ाрдЬ рдХрд╣ाँ
........................ рддेрд░े рд╕ाрд╣рд╕рдХे рдЖрдЧे !!
рдХрд╡ि рд╕िрд╡рд░ाрдЬ рднुрд╖рдг
рдХрдеा.. рдкाрдиिрдкрддрдЪ्рдпा рдорд░ाрдаा рдпрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдЪी!
#рдЖрд╡рд░्рдЬूрди_рд╡ाрдЪा |
| Maratha in Pakistan |
рдкाрдиिрдкрддрдЪे рддिрд╕рд░े рдпुрдж्рдз рд╣ोрдКрди рдЖрддा рдЕрдбीрдЪрд╢े рд╡рд░्рд╖े рдЙрд▓рдЯрд▓ी рдЕрд╕рд▓ी рддрд░ी рдЕрдЬूрдирд╣ी рдкाрдиिрдкрдд рд╣ा рдорд░ाрдаी рдоाрдгрд╕ाрдЪ्рдпा рдЬिрд╡्рд╣ाрд│्рдпाрдЪा рд╡िрд╖рдп рдЖрд╣े. рдпा рдпुрдж्рдзाрдд рдЬрд╡рд│рдкाрд╕ рдЪाрд│ीрд╕ рд╣рдЬाрд░ рдорд░ाрдаी рдпोрдж्рдзे, рддрд╕ेрдЪ рд╕्рдд्рд░िрдпा рд╡ рдкुрд░ुрд╖ рдорд░рдг рдкाрд╡рд▓े рдЖрдгि реиреи рд╣рдЬाрд░ рдорд░ाрдаी рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрджी рдЧुрд▓ाрдо рдо्рд╣рдгूрди рдЕрд╣рдорджрд╢рд╣ा рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ीрдиे рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпाрдмрд░ोрдмрд░ рдЕрдлрдЧाрдгिрд╕्рддाрдиाрдд рдиेрд▓े.
рдпुрдж्рдзाрдиंрддрд░ рдорд░ाрдаी рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рд▓ांрдмрдЪ рд▓ाрдм рд░ांрдЧा рдХेрд▓्рдпा рдЧेрд▓्рдпा рд╡ рдд्рдпांрдиा рдЕрдлрдЧाрдг рд╕ैрди्рдпाрдмрд░ोрдмрд░ рджिрд▓्рд▓ी, рдордеुрд░ा рдЗрдд्рдпाрджी рдаिрдХाрдгी рдиेрдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓े. рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕ाрдд рдкाрдиिрдкрддрдЪ्рдпा рдпा рджुрд░्рджैрд╡ी рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрд╡िрд╖рдпी рдЬे рдеोрдбेрдлाрд░ рдЙрд▓्рд▓ेрдЦ рдЖрдврд│рддाрдд рдд्рдпाрдкрдХी рдПрдХ рдЙрд▓्рд▓ेрдЦ рд╕िрдпाрд░ рдЙрд▓ рдоुрдд्рддाрдЦिрд░ीрди рдпा рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕рдХाрд░ाрдиे рдЕрд╢ा рддрд▒्рд╣ेрдиे рд╡рд░्рдгрди рдХेрд▓ेрд▓ा рдЖрд╣े : ‘рджु:рдЦी рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рд▓ांрдмрдЪ рд▓ांрдм рд░ांрдЧा рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓्рдпा рдЖрдгि рдд्рдпांрдиा рдеोрдбे рдмрд╣ुрдд рд░्рдЕрдзрдХрдЪ्рдЪे рдЕрди्рди рд╡ рдкाрдгी рджेрдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓े. рдпुрдж्рдз рд╕ंрдкрд▓्рдпाрд╡рд░ рдЬे рдХाрд╣ी рдкुрд░ुрд╖, рд╕्рдд्рд░िрдпा рдЖрдгि рд▓рд╣ाрди рдоुрд▓े рд╡ाрдЪрд▓ी рдд्рдпांрдиा рдЧुрд▓ाрдо рдо्рд╣рдгूрди рдиेрдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓े. рдЕंрджाрдЬे рдмाрд╡ीрд╕ рд╣рдЬाрд░. рдд्рдпाрддрд▓े рдмрд░ेрдЪрд╕े рд▓ोрдХ рдоोрдареЯा рд╣ुрдж्рджреЯाрд╡рд░рдЪे рд╣ोрддे.’ рдкाрдиिрдкрддрдЪे рдпुрдж्рдз рдХрд╕े рд▓рдврд▓े рдЧेрд▓े рдпाрд╡िрд╖рдпी рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕ाрдд рд╕рд╡िрд╕्рддрд░ рдоाрд╣िрддी рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рдЖрд╣े; рдкрд░ंрддु рдд्рдпाрдиंрддрд░ рдорд░ाрдаी рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдЪे рдкुрдвे рдХाрдп рдЭाрд▓े рдпाрд╡िрд╖рдпी рдХाрд╣ीрдЪ рдоाрд╣िрддी рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рдиाрд╣ी.
рдпा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдЪा рдкाрдиिрдкрддाрдиंрддрд░рдЪा рдк्рд░рд╡ाрд╕ рд╡ рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рд╡ंрд╢рдЬांрдЪी рд╕рдз्рдпाрдЪी рдкрд░िрд╕्рдеिрддी рдпाрд╡िрд╖рдпीрдЪी рдоाрд╣िрддी рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕ाрдЪा рдПрдХ рд╣ौрд╢ी рд╕ंрд╢ोрдзрдХ рдо्рд╣рдгूрди рдлेрд╕рдмुрдХрдЪ्рдпा рдоाрдз्рдпрдоाрддूрди рдЖрдгि рдкाрдиिрдкрддाрд╡рд░ीрд▓ рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рд╡ंрд╢рдЬांрдмрд░ोрдмрд░ рдХेрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рд╕ंрднाрд╖рдгाрддूрди рдорд▓ा рдоिрд│ाрд▓ी. рдкाрдиिрдкрддрдЪ्рдпा рдпुрдж्рдзाрдиंрддрд░ рджोрди рдорд╣िрди्рдпांрдиी.. рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬे реиреж рдоाрд░्рдЪ резренремрез рд░ोрдЬी рдЕрд╣рдорджрд╢рд╣ा рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ी рдЕрдлрдЧाрдгिрд╕्рддाрдиाрдд рдЬाрдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рджिрд▓्рд▓ीрд╣ूрди рдиिрдШाрд▓ा. рдд्рдпाрдЪ्рдпाрд╕ोрдмрдд рдорд░ाрдаे рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрджीрд╣ी рд╣ोрддे. рдкрд░рдд рдЬाрддाрдиा рдкंрдЬाрдмрдордз्рдпे рд╢िрдЦांрдиी рдпा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдкрдХी рдХाрд╣ी рдорд░ाрдаी рд╕्рдд्рд░िрдпांрдиा рдоुрдХ्рдд рдХेрд▓े, рдЕрд╢ी рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕ाрдд рдиोंрдж рд╕ाрдкрдбрддे. рдкрд╢्рдЪिрдо рдкंрдЬाрдм (рдкाрдХिрд╕्рддाрди) рдУрд▓ांрдбрд▓्рдпाрдиंрддрд░ рдмрд▓ुрдЪिрд╕्рддाрди рдк्рд░ांрддाрддीрд▓ рдбेрд░ा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЖрджी рднाрдЧ рд╕ुрд░ू рд╣ोрддो. рдкाрдиिрдкрддрдЪ्рдпा рдпुрдж्рдзाрдд рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рд╕рди्рдп рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ीрдЪ्рдпा рдмाрдЬूрдиे рд▓рдврд▓े рд╣ोрддे. рдкाрдиिрдкрдд рдпुрдж्рдзाрдЪ्рдпा рдПрдХ рдорд╣िрдиा рдЕрдЧोрджрд░ резрел,режрежреж рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рдШोрдбрджрд│ рдЕрддाрдИрдЦाрди рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдиेрддृрдд्рд╡ाрдЦाрд▓ी рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ीрд▓ा рдпेрдКрди рдоिрд│ाрд▓े. рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ीрдЪी рдмाрдЬू рдмрд│рдХрдЯ рдЭाрд▓ी рд╣ोрддी. рдкाрдиिрдкрддाрдЪ्рдпा рдпुрдж्рдзाрдкूрд░्рд╡ी рддीрди рд╡рд░्рд╖े рдЖрдзी резренрелрео рдордз्рдпे рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ी рдЖрдгि рдмрд▓ुрдЪिрд╕्рддाрдирдЪा рдд्рдпाрд╡ेрд│рдЪा рд╢ाрд╕рдХ рдоीрд░ рдиाрд╕ीрд░ рдЦाрди рдиुрд░ी (рдХрд▓ाрддрдЪा рдЦाрди) рдпांрдЪ्рдпाрдордз्рдпे рдПрдХ рддрд╣ рдЭाрд▓ेрд▓ा рд╣ोрддा. рдпा рддрд╣ाрдЪ्рдпा рдЕрдЯीрдиुрд╕ाрд░ рдоीрд░ рдиाрд╕ीрд░ рдЦाрди рдиुрд░ीрдиे рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ीрд▓ा рдд्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рд▓рд╖्рдХрд░ी рдХाрд░рд╡ाрдпांрдд рд╕рдиिрдХ рдкुрд░рд╡ाрдпрдЪे рд╡ рдд्рдпा рдмрджрд▓्рдпाрдд рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ी рдоीрд░ рдиाрд╕ीрд░ рдЦाрдиाрд▓ा рд╕рди्рдп рдаेрд╡рдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рдЖ├нрдердХ рдорджрдд рдХрд░ेрд▓ рдЕрд╕े рдард░рд▓े рд╣ोрддे. рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ी рдЬेрд╡्рд╣ा рдкंрдЬाрдм рдУрд▓ांрдбूрди рдмрд▓ुрдЪिрд╕्рддाрдиाрдд рдкрд░рдд рдЖрд▓ा рдд्рдпाрд╡ेрд│ेрд╕ рдХрд▓ाрддрдЪ्рдпा рдЦाрдиाрдиे рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ीрдХрдбे рд╕рди्рдп рдкुрд░рд╡िрдг्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдмрджрд▓्рдпाрдд рдЖ├нрдердХ рдоोрдмрджрд▓ा рдоाрдЧिрддрд▓ा. рдкрд░ंрддु рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ीрд▓ा рд╣िрди्рджुрд╕्рдеाрдиाрдд рдлाрд░рд╢ी рд░рдХ्рдХрдо рдЦंрдбрдгी рдо्рд╣рдгूрди рдоिрд│ाрд▓ी рдирд╡्рд╣рддी. рдХाрд░рдг рджिрд▓्рд▓ीрдЪा рдмाрджрд╢рд╣ा рд╕рддрддрдЪ्рдпा рдЖрдХ्рд░рдордгांрдоुрд│े рддрд╕ा рдХрдлрд▓्рд▓рдХрдЪ рдЭाрд▓ेрд▓ा рд╣ोрддा. рдЖрдгि рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдХрдбूрдирджेрдЦीрд▓ рдпुрдж्рдзाрдд рд╣рдд्рддी, рдШोрдбे рдЖрдгि рддोрдлांрд╡्рдпрддिрд░िрдХ्рдд рдХाрд╣ीрдЪ рдЖ├нрдердХ рдШрдмाрдб рдкрджрд░ाрдд рдкрдбрд▓े рдирд╡्рд╣рддे. рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ीрдиे рдорд░ाрдаा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрджीрдЪ рдкрд╢ांрдРрд╡рдЬी рдоोрдмрджрд▓ा рдо्рд╣рдгूрди рдмрд▓ोрдЪ рд╕рд░рджाрд░ांрдиा рд╕ुрдкूрд░्рдж рдХेрд▓े. рдорд░ाрдаा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрджी рдмрд▓ोрдЪ рд▓ोрдХांрдиा рджेрдг्рдпाрдЪे рджुрд╕рд░े рдХाрд░рдг рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬे рдорд░ाрдаा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдЪी рдд्рдпाрд╡ेрд│рдЪी рд╢ाрд░ीрд░िрдХ рдЕрд╡рд╕्рдеा рд╣ीрджेрдЦीрд▓ рдЕрд╕ू рд╢рдХрддे. рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрджी рдЬрд╡рд│рдкाрд╕ рджोрди-рддीрди рдорд╣िрдиे рдХैрджेрдд рд╣ोрддे рдЖрдгि рдд्рдпांрдиा рдЕрдЧрджी рддुрдЯрдкुंрдЬ्рдпा рдЕрди्рдирдкाрдг्рдпाрд╡рд░ рджिрд╡рд╕ рдХाрдвाрд╡े рд▓ाрдЧрд▓े рд╣ोрддे. рдЕрдЬूрди рдмोрд▓рди рдЦिंрдбीрд╕ाрд░рдЦ्рдпा рдЕрддिрд╢рдп рдЕрд╡рдШрдб рд╡ рджुрд░्рдЧрдо рднाрдЧाрддूрди рдкुрдврдЪा рдк्рд░рд╡ाрд╕ рдХрд░ाрдпрдЪा рд╣ोрддा. рдЕрдЧोрджрд░рдЪ рдоाрдирд╕िрдХ рд╡ рд╢ाрд░ीрд░िрдХрджृрд╖्рдЯреЯा рдЦाрд▓ाрд╡рд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдиा рдпा рдк्рд░рджेрд╢ाрддूрди рдЖрдгрдЦी рдк्рд░рд╡ाрд╕ рдЬिрд╡ाрд╡рд░ рдмेрддрд▓ा рдЕрд╕рддा. рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│ेрдЪ рдЕрдм्рджाрд▓ीрдиे рд╣ा рдкुрдврдЪा рд╡िрдЪाрд░ рдХрд░ूрди рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдиा рдмрд▓ोрдЪ рд╕рд░рджाрд░ांрдиा рджेрдКрди рдЯाрдХрд▓े. рдкाрдиिрдкрддाрдд рд▓рдврд▓ेрд▓े рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рд╕рди्рдп рд╣े рд╡ेрдЧрд╡ेрдЧрд│्рдпा рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рдЬрдоाрддींрдиी рдмрдирд▓ेрд▓े рд╣ोрддे. рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдорд░ाрдаे рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрджीрд╣ी рдкाрдиिрдкрддाрдд рд▓рдврд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдиिрд░рдиिрд░ाрд│्рдпा рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рдЬрдоाрддींрдиा рд╡िрднाрдЧूрди рджेрдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓े. рдорд░ाрдаा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдЪी рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпाрд╣ी рдмрд░ीрдЪ рдоोрдаी рд╣ोрддी. рдЖрдгि рд╕рдЧрд│्рдпा рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдиा рдПрдХाрдЪ рдаिрдХाрдгी рдаेрд╡рдг्рдпाрдд рдоोрдаा рдзोрдХाрд╣ी рд╣ोрддा. рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдпा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдиा рд╡िрднाрдЧрдг्рдпाрдЪा рдиिрд░्рдгрдп рдоीрд░ рдиाрд╕ीрд░ рдЦाрди рдиुрд░ी рдпाрдиे рдШेрддрд▓ा.
рдпा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдкैрдХी рдмुрдЧрдЯी, рд░्рдоी, рдордЭाрд░ी, рд░ाрдпрд╕ाрдиी рд╡ рдЧुрд░рдЪाрдиी рдЗрдд्рдпाрджी рдмрд▓ोрдЪ рдЬрдоाрддींрдордз्рдпे рдорд░ाрдаा рдЙрдкрдЬрдоाрдд рдЖрдЬрд╣ी рдЖрдкрд▓ी рд╕्рд╡рддंрдд्рд░ рдУрд│рдЦ рдЯिрдХрд╡ूрди рдЖрд╣े. рдкाрдиिрдкрдд рдпुрдж्рдзाрддीрд▓ рдд्рдпाрд╡ेрд│рдЪ्рдпा рдорд░ाрдаा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдЪे рд╡ंрд╢рдЬ рдЖрдЬ рдзрд░्рдоाрдиे рдоुрд╕्рд▓ीрдо рдЭाрд▓ेрд▓े рдЖрд╣ेрдд рдЦрд░े; рдкрд░ंрддु рдд्рдпांрдиा рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпा рдорд░ाрдаीрдкрдгाрдЪा рд░ाрд╕्рдд рдЕрднिрдоाрди рдЖрд╣े. рдпा рдЙрдкрдЬрдоाрддींрдкрдХी рдлрдХ्рдд рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдорд░ाрдареЯांрд╡िрд╖рдпीрдЪी рдоाрд╣िрддी рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рдЖрд╣े. рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЬрдоाрддीрддीрд▓ рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдЪे рддीрди рдк्рд░рдоुрдЦ рд╡рд░्рдЧ рдкुрдвीрд▓рдк्рд░рдоाрдгे- рдмрд╣ुрд╕ंрдЦ्рдп рдорд░ाрдаा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрджी рд╣े рдХाрд▓्рдкрд░, рдорд╕ोрд░ी, рд╢ांрдмाрдиी, рдиोрдеाрдиी, рдкिрд░ोрдЬाрдиी рдЖрдгि рд░рд╣ेрдЬा рдпा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЬрдоाрддींрдордз्рдпे рд╡िрднाрдЧूрди рджेрдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓े рдЖрдгि рдЖрдЬ рд╣ा рд╕рдоाрдЬ рдд्рдпा- рдд्рдпा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЬрдоाрддीрдЪ्рдпा рдиाрд╡ाрдиे рдУрд│рдЦрд▓ा рдЬाрддो. рдЙрджा. рдХाрд▓्рдкрд░ рдорд░ाрдаा, рдиोрдеाрдиी рдорд░ाрдаा, рд╢ांрдмाрдиी рдорд░ाрдаा рд╡рдЧрд░े. рдЖрдЬ рд╣ा рд╡рд░्рдЧ рд╕рдорд╕्рдд рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдорд░ाрдаी рд▓ोрдХрд╕ंрдЦ्рдпेрдЪ्рдпा рд╕ुрдоाрд░े реореж рдЯрдХ्рдХे рдЖрд╣े. рдпा рд╡рд░्рдЧाрд▓ा рдЧुрд▓ाрдордЧिрд░ीрдд рджिрд╡рд╕ рдХाрдвाрд╡े рд▓ाрдЧрд▓े. рдкрд░ंрддु резрепрекрек рдордз्рдпे рдирдмाрдм рдЕрдХрдмрд░ рдЦाрди рдмुрдЧрдЯी (рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЬрдоाрддीрдЪे рдоुрдЦ्рдп рд╕рд░рджाрд░) рдпांрдиी рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдиा рдпा рдЧुрд▓ाрдордЧिрд░ीрдЪ्рдпा рдЬाрдЪाрддूрди рдоुрдХ्рдд рдХेрд▓े. резрепрекрек рдкрд░्рдпंрдд рдпा рдорд░ाрдаा рд╡рд░्рдЧाрд▓ा рдк्рд░рдЪंрдб рд╢ाрд░ीрд░िрдХ рдХрд╖्рдЯ рд╡ рд╣рд▓ाрдЦीрдЪे рджिрд╡рд╕ рдХाрдвाрд╡े рд▓ाрдЧрд▓े. резрепрекрек рдкूрд░्рд╡ी рдд्рдпांрдЪी рдоुрдЦ्рдп рдХाрдоे рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬे рдЙंрдЯांрдЪी рджेрдЦрднाрд▓ рдХрд░рдгे, рд╕्рд╡рдпंрдкाрдХ рдХрд░рдгे, рд▓ोрд╣ाрд░рдХाрдо рд╡ рдЗрддрд░ рдЫोрдЯी-рдоोрдаी рдХाрдоे рдХрд░рдгे рд╣ेрдЪ рдЕрд╕े. рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдоाрд▓рдХ (рдЖрдХा) рдЖрдгि рдд्рдпांрдЪे рдорд░ाрдаा рдЧुрд▓ाрдо рдпांрдЪे рд╕ंрдмंрдз рдмрд▒्рдпाрдкрдХी рдЬिрд╡्рд╣ाрд│्рдпाрдЪे рд╣ोрддे. рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдоाрд▓рдХ рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпा рдХुрдЯुंрдмाрдк्рд░рдоाрдгे рдорд░ाрдаी рдЧुрд▓ाрдоांрдЪी рджेрдЦрднाрд▓ рдХрд░ीрдд рдЕрд╕े. рдиिрдпрдоाрд▓ा рдЬ्рдпाрдк्рд░рдоाрдгे рдЕрдкрд╡ाрдж рдЕрд╕рддो, рдд्рдпाрдк्рд░рдоाрдгे рдХाрд╣ी рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдоाрд▓рдХ рдХ्рд░ूрд░рд╕ुрдж्рдзा рд╣ोрддे рд╡ рддे рдорд░ाрдаा рдЧुрд▓ाрдоांрдиा рдЕрддिрд╢рдп рд╡ाрдИрдЯ рдкрдж्рдзрддीрдиे рд╡ाрдЧрд╡ीрдд рдЕрд╕рдд рдЕрд╕े рд╕ांрдЧिрддрд▓े рдЬाрддे. рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рдЬрдоाрддीрдордз्рдпे рдд्рдпांрдЪे рд╕्рд╡рдд:рдЪे рдЕрд╕े рдХाрдпрджे (рдЬिрд░्рдЧा) рдЕрд╕рддाрдд. рдкूрд░्рд╡ी рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдиा рдЗрддрд░ рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЬрдоाрддींрдЪ्рдпा рддुрд▓рдиेрдд рдЕрд╕рдоाрди рдЖрдгि рдЬाрдЪрдХ рдЕрд╕े рдХाрдпрджे рд▓ाрдЧू рд╣ोрддे. рдЙрджाрд╣рд░рдгाрд░्рде, рд╕िрдпाрдХाрд░ी- рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬे Honour killing рдЪ्рдпा рдХाрдпрдж्рдпाрдиुрд╕ाрд░ рдПрдЦाрдж्рдпा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрдиे рджुрд╕рд▒्рдпा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрдЪा рд╡рдз рдХेрд▓ा рддрд░ рд╡рдз рдЭाрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрдЪ्рдпा рдХुрдЯुंрдмाрд▓ा рд╡рдз рдХेрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрдЪ्рдпा рдХुрдЯुंрдмाрддीрд▓ рдПрдХा рд╕рджрд╕्рдпाрд▓ा рдоाрд░рдг्рдпाрдЪी рдоुрднा рд╣ोрддी. рдкрд░ंрддु рдПрдЦाрдж्рдпा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрдиे рдорд░ाрдаा рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрдЪा рд╡рдз рдХेрд▓ा рддрд░ рд╡рдзाрд╕ рд╡рдз рд╣ा рдХाрдпрджा рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдмाрдмрддीрдд рдоाрдд्рд░ рд▓ाрдЧू рдирд╡्рд╣рддा. рдЕрдкрд░ाрдзी рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрд▓ा рдоाрдлрдХ рджंрдб рдХрд░ूрди рд╕ोрдбूрди рджेрдг्рдпाрдд рдпेрдд рдЕрд╕े. рдпाрдЙрд▓рдЯ, рдПрдЦाрдж्рдпा рдорд░ाрдаा рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрдиे рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрдЪा рдЦूрди рдХेрд▓ा рддрд░ рдПрдХा рд╡рдзाрд╕ рджोрди рд╡рдз- рдЕрд╕ा рд╡िрд░ोрдзाрднाрд╕ी рдХाрдпрджाрд╣ी рдЕрд╕्рддिрдд्рд╡ाрдд рд╣ोрддा. резрепрекрек рд╕ाрд▓ी рд╣ा рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬ рдЧुрд▓ाрдордЧिрд░ीрддूрди рдоुрдХ्рдд рдЭाрд▓ा рд╡ рдЬिрд░्рдЧाрддрд▓े рдЕрд╕рдоाрди рдХाрдпрджेрд╣ी рдХाрд│ाрдиुрд░ूрдк рд░рдж्рдж рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓े. рдЧुрд▓ाрдордЧिрд░ीрддूрди рдоुрдХ्рдд рдЭाрд▓्рдпाрдиंрддрд░рд╣ी рдХाрд╣ी рдХाрд│ рдпा рд╡рд░्рдЧाрдиे рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдоाрд▓рдХांрдмрд░ोрдмрд░рдЪ рд░ाрд╣рдгे рдкрд╕ंрдд рдХेрд▓े. рдХाрд░рдг рдЗрддрдХी рд╡рд╖्рд░े рдЧुрд▓ाрдордЧिрд░ीрдд рд░ाрд╣िрд▓्рдпाрдиंрддрд░ рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпाрдд рдПрдХ рдХрдоीрдкрдгाрдЪी рднाрд╡рдиा рд╣ोрддी. рдЕрд▓ीрдХрдбрдЪ्рдпा рдХाрд│ाрдд рдоाрдд्рд░ рд╣рд│ूрд╣рд│ू рд╣ा рд╡рд░्рдЧ рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдЪ्рдпा рдоुрдЦ्рдп рдк्рд░рд╡ाрд╣ाрдд рдпेрдд рдЖрд╣े. резрепремреж рдиंрддрд░ рдпा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдиे рдЕрди्рдп рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЬрдоाрддींрдкेрдХ्рд╖ा рд╢िрдХ्рд╖рдгाрдд рдмрд░ीрдЪ рдЖрдШाрдбी рдШेрддрд▓ी. рдХाрд░рдг рдмाрдХीрдЪा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╕рдоाрдЬ рд╣ा рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рднрдЯрдХ्рдпा рдЬीрд╡рдирдкрдж्рдзрддीрддрдЪ рдЕрдбрдХूрди рдкрдбрд▓ेрд▓ा рд╣ोрддा.
рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ी рдиोрдХрд▒्рдпा рддрд╕ेрдЪ ‘рд╕ुрдИ рдкेрдЯ्рд░ोрд▓िрдпрдо рдХंрдкрдиी’рдд рдмрд╣ुрд╕ंрдЦ्рдпेрдиे рдпा рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдиे рдЖрдкрд▓े рдмрд╕्рддाрди рдмрд╕рд╡िрд▓े. рдмрд▓ुрдЪिрд╕्рддाрдирдордз्рдпे рдЧॅрд╕ рд╕ाрдкрдбрд▓्рдпाрдиंрддрд░ резрепрелреж рдЪ्рдпा рджрд╢рдХाрдд рд╕ुрдИ рдкेрдЯ्рд░ोрд▓िрдпрдо рдХंрдкрдиी рд╕ुрдИ рдпेрдеे рд╕ुрд░ू рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓ी. рд╕ुрд░ुрд╡ाрддीрд▓ा рдХाрдордЧाрд░, рдлोрд░рдорди рдо्рд╣рдгूрди рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрд▓ा рддिрдеे рдХाрдоे рдоिрд│ाрд▓ी рдЖрдгि рд╣рд│ूрд╣рд│ू рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпाрдкрдХी рдХाрд╣ीрдЬрдг рдоॅрдиेрдЬрд░, рд╕ुрдкрд░рд╡ाрдпрдЭрд░ рдЕрд╢ा рдкрджांрд╡рд░рджेрдЦीрд▓ рдкोрд╣ोрдЪрд▓े. рдЖрдЬ рд╣ा рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬ рдХाрд│ाрд╢ी рдЬрдорд╡ूрди рдШेрдд рд╕्рд╡рдд:рдЪ्рдпा рдХрд░्рддृрдд्рд╡ाрд╡рд░ рдк्рд░рдЧрддी рдХрд░рддो рдЖрд╣े рд╡ рд╕ुрдЦाрдд рдиांрджрддो рдЖрд╣े, рд╣ी рдиिрд╢्рдЪिрддрдЪ рджिрд▓ाрд╕ा рджेрдгाрд░ी рдЧोрд╖्рдЯ рдЖрд╣े. рджुрд╕рд░ा рд╕ाрдК рдХिंрд╡ा рд╕ाрд╣ू рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬ (рд╢ाрд╣ू рдорд░ाрдаा). рдорд░ाрдаा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдкрдХी рд╣ा рдПрдХрдЪ рд╡рд░्рдЧ рд╕ुрд░ुрд╡ाрддीрдкाрд╕ूрди рдоुрдХ्рдд рд╣ोрддा. рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдк्рд░ांрдд рд╣ा рдмрд░ाрдЪрд╕ा рдХोрд░рдбा рд╡ рд╡ाрд│рд╡ंрдЯी рдЖрд╣े. рддेрдеे рд╢ेрддी рдХेрд▓ी рдЬाрдд рдирд╡्рд╣рддी. рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рдЯोрд│्рдпा рдпा рднрдЯрдХ्рдпा рд╣ोрдд्рдпा рдЖрдгि рд╢ेрддी рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрдЪे рдХрд╕рдм рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпाрдХрдбे рдирд╡्рд╣рддे. рдоॅрд░ो рддрд╕ेрдЪ рд╕िрдЖрд╣рдл рдпा рдбेрд░ा рдмुрдЧрдЯीрдЬрд╡рд│ीрд▓ рдХाрд╣ी рднाрдЧाрдд рдкाрдгी рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рд╣ोрддे. рдорд░ाрдаा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрдж्рдпांрдкрдХी рдЬ्рдпांрдиा рд╢ेрддीрдЪे рдЪांрдЧрд▓े рдЬ्рдЮाрди рд╣ोрддे рдЕрд╢ांрдиा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╕рд░рджाрд░ाрдиे рдпा рднाрдЧाрдд рд╢ेрддी рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рдЕрдиुрдорддी рджिрд▓ी; рдЬेрдгेрдХрд░ूрди рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд▓ोрдХांрд╕ाрдаी рдЕрди्рдирдзाрди्рдпाрдЪी рддрд░рддूрдж рд╣ोрдИрд▓. рд╕ाрд╣ू рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдиी рдд्рдпांрдЪा рд╣ा рд╡िрд╢्рд╡ाрд╕ рд╕ाрд░्рде рдард░рд╡рд▓ा рд╡ рдЕрддिрд╢рдп рдЙрдд्рддрдо рдк्рд░рдХाрд░े рд╢ेрддी рдХेрд▓ी рдЖрдгि рдмрд▓ुрдЪिрд╕्рддाрдиाрдд рдк्рд░рдердордЪ рд╢ेрддीрдЪे рддंрдд्рд░ рдЖрдгрдг्рдпाрдд рдорд╣рдд्рдд्рд╡ाрдЪी рднूрдоिрдХा рдмрдЬाрд╡рд▓ी. рдЧрд╣ू рд╡ рдмाрдЬрд░ी рдпाрд╕ाрд░рдЦी рдзाрди्рдпे рддे рдкिрдХрд╡ीрдд рдЕрд╕рдд. рдЗрддрд░ рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЬрдоाрддी рдпा рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдоूрд│ рд╕рд░рджाрд░ांрдЪ्рдпा рдиाрд╡ाрдиे рдкрд░िрдЪिрдд рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рдЙрджा. рд░рд╣ेрдЬा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЬрдоाрддीрдЪे ‘рд░рд╣ेрдЬा’ рд╣े рдиाрд╡ рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рд░рд╣ेрдЬा рдпा рдкूрд░्рд╡рдЬ рд╕рд░рджाрд░ाрдЪ्рдпा рдиाрд╡ाрд╡рд░ूрди рдаेрд╡рдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.
рддрд╕ेрдЪ рдпा рд╡рд░्рдЧाрдиे рдЖрдкрд▓ी рд╕्рд╡рдд:рдЪी рд╕्рд╡рддंрдд्рд░ рдУрд│рдЦ рдиिрд░्рдоाрдг рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी ‘рд╢ाрд╣ू’ рд╣े рдиाрд╡ рдЫрдд्рд░рдкрддी рд╢ाрд╣ूंрдЪ्рдпा рдиाрд╡ाрд╡рд░ूрди рдзाрд░рдг рдХेрд▓े. рд╢ाрд╣ू рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдЪ्рдпा рдЧрдврд╡ाрдиी, рд░ंрдЧрд╡ाрдиी, рдкेрд╢рд╡ाрдиी, рдХिрд▓рд╡ाрдиी рд╡рдЧрд░े рд╕ाрдд рдЙрдкрд╢ाрдЦा рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рдпा рд╢ाрдЦा рдХрд╢ा рддрдпाрд░ рдЭाрд▓्рдпा, рдпाрдмрдж्рджрд▓рдЪी рдоाрд╣िрддी рдоाрдд्рд░ рдЕрдЬूрдирд╣ी рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рдиाрд╣ी. рдкрд░ंрддु ‘рдкेрд╢рд╡ाрдиी’ рд╣े рдиाрд╡ рдкेрд╢рд╡्рдпांрд╢ी рд╕ंрдмंрдзिрдд рдЕрд╕рдг्рдпाрдЪी рджाрдЯ рд╢рдХ्рдпрддा рдЖрд╣े. рд╢ाрд╣ू рдорд░ाрдаे рдЬрд░ी рдзрд░्рдоाрдиे рдоुрд╕्рд▓ीрдо рдЕрд╕рд▓े рддрд░ी рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рд▓рдЧ्рдиाрддीрд▓ рд╡िрдзी рдЕрдЬूрдирд╣ी рдорд░ाрдаीрдЪ рдкрдж्рдзрддीрдиे рдХेрд▓े рдЬाрддाрдд. рдЙрджा. рдШाрдиा рднрд░рдгे, рд╣рд│рдж, рдирд╡рд▒्рдпा рдоुрд▓ाрдЪी рд▓рдЧ्рдиाрдЕрдЧोрджрд░рдЪी рдЖंрдШोрд│, рд▓рдЧ्рдиाрдд рдЙрдкрд░рдг्рдпाрд▓ा рдмांрдзрд▓ी рдЬाрдгाрд░ी рдЧाрда рдмрд╣िрдгीрдиे рдкрд╕े рдЙрдХрд│рд▓्рдпाрд╡рд░рдЪ рд╕ोрдбрд╡рдгे, рдоाрдирд▓ेрд▓ा рднाрдК рдпा рдкрдж्рдзрддी рдЖрдЬрд╣ी рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпाрдд рдЕрд╕्рддिрдд्рд╡ाрдд рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рдШрд░ाрддीрд▓ рдПрдЦाрджी рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддी рдЖрдЬाрд░ी рдЕрд╕ेрд▓ рддрд░ рдЭाрдбाрд▓ा рджोрд░ा рдмांрдзрдгे, рдШрд░ाрдд рдПрдЦाрджी рдирд╡ीрди рд╡рд╕्рддू рдШेрддрд▓ी рддрд░ рддिрд▓ा рд╕ोрди्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рджाрдЧिрди्рдпाрдиे рдУрд╡ाрд│рдгे, рдЗ. рдкрдж्рдзрддी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдд рдЬрд░ी рдЖрдЬ рд▓ुрдк्рдд рд╣ोрдд рдЖрд▓्рдпा рдЕрд╕рд▓्рдпा (рдХेрд╡рд│ рдХाрд╣ी рдЧ्рд░ाрдоीрдг рднाрдЧाрддрдЪ рдЯिрдХूрди рдЕрд╕рд▓्рдпा) рддрд░ी рд╕ाрд╣ू рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдордз्рдпे рдЕрдЬूрдирд╣ी рдд्рдпा рдк्рд░рдЪрд▓िрдд рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдХाрд╣ी рдорд░ाрдаी рд╢рдм्рджрд╣ी рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рднाрд╖ेрдд рдЖрд▓ेрд▓े рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рдЙрджा.‘рдЖрдИ’ рд╣ा рд╢рдм्рдж рд╕ाрд╣ू рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдордз्рдпे рдЖрдИрд▓ा рд╕ंрдмोрдзिрдд рдХрд░ाрдпрд▓ा рдЕрдЬूрдирд╣ी рд╡ाрдкрд░рд▓ा рдЬाрддो. рдоूрд│рдЪ्рдпा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдиेрд╣ी рд╣ा рд╢рдм्рдж рд╕्рд╡ीрдХाрд░рд▓ा рдЖрд╣े.
рд╕्рдд्рд░िрдпांрдЪी рдХाрд╣ी рдорд░ाрдаी рдиाрд╡े- рдХрдоोрд▓ (рдХрдорд│), рдЧोрджी (‘рдЧोрджाрд╡рд░ी’рдЪे рд╕ंрдХ्рд╖िрдк्рдд рд░ूрдк), рдЧौрд░ी, рд╕рдмुрд▓ा (рд╕ुрднрдж्рд░ा) рдЕрдЬूрдирд╣ी рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпाрдд рд╡ाрдкрд░рд▓ी рдЬाрддाрдд. рд╡िрдиोрджाрдЪी рдЧोрд╖्рдЯ рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬे рдЬрд╕े рдорд░ाрдаीрдд рд╕ुрдиीрд▓рдЪे ‘рд╕ुрди्рдпा’ рдЕрд╕े рдЯोрдкрдгрдиाрд╡ рд╣ोрддे рддрд╕ेрдЪ рдЕрдЬूрдирд╣ी рд╕ाрд╣ू рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдордз्рдпे рдЯोрдкрдгрдиाрд╡ рдаेрд╡рд▓े рдЬाрддे. рдЙрджा. рдХाрд╕ीрдо рдпा рдиाрд╡ाрдЪे рдЯोрдкрдгрдиाрд╡ ‘рдХाрд╕ू’ рдЕрд╕े рдХेрд▓े рдЬाрддे. рддिрд╕рд░े- рджрд░ुрд░рдЧ рдорд░ाрдаा! рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдЪ्рдпा рддीрди рд╡рд░्рдЧाрдкрдХी рд╣ा рд╡рд░्рдЧ рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпेрдиे рд╕рд░्рд╡ाрдд рдХрдоी рдЖрд╣े. рд╣ा рд╡рд░्рдЧ рд╕ुрд░ुрд╡ाрддीрдкाрд╕ूрди рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╕рд░рджाрд░ांрд╢ी рд╕ंрдмंрдзिрдд рд╣ोрддा рд╡ рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдд्рдпांрдиा рдоोрдаा рдоाрди рдоिрд│рдд рдЕрд╕े. рдЖрдЬ рдпा рд╡рд░्рдЧाрддрд▓े рдХाрд╣ी рд▓ोрдХ рдоोрдаे рдЬрдоीрдирджाрд░ рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рдпा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрддीрд▓ рдпुрд╡рдХांрдиा рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪा рдЕрднिрдоाрди рдЖрд╣े. рдмрд▒्рдпाрдЪ рдпुрд╡рдХांрдЪ्рдпा рдлेрд╕рдмुрдХ рдк्рд░ोрдлाрдЗрд▓рд╡рд░ рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪा рдлोрдЯो рджिрд╕рддो. рдпा рддिрди्рд╣ी рд╡рд░्рдЧाрддीрд▓ рдорд░ाрдаी рдмांрдзрд╡ांрдиी рдЗрддрд░ рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЬрдоाрддींрдкेрдХ्рд╖ा рд╢िрдХ्рд╖рдгाрдд рд▓рд╡рдХрд░ рдк्рд░рдЧрддी рдХेрд▓ी. рдЖрдЬ рдпा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрддीрд▓ рд▓ोрдХ рдЗंрдЬिрдиीрдЕрд░्рд╕, рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ी рдЕрдзिрдХाрд░ी, рд╢िрдХ्рд╖рдХ, рдк्рд░ोрдлेрд╕рд░ рд╡ рдЙрдЪ्рдЪрдкрджрд╕्рде рд░ाрдЬрдХाрд░рдгी рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рдд्рдпांрдЪी рд╕ांрдкрдд्рддिрдХ рд╕्рдеिрддीрд╣ी рдЗрддрд░ рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдкेрдХ्рд╖ा рдЪांрдЧрд▓ी рдЖрд╣े.
резрепрепрел рд╕ाрд▓ी рдЕрдХрдмрд░ рдПрд╕. рдЕрд╣рдордж (рдкाрдХिрд╕्рддाрдиी рд░ाрдЬрдирддिрдХ рдЕрдзिрдХाрд░ी рд╡ рд╕рдоाрдЬрд╢ाрд╕्рдд्рд░рдЬ्рдЮ) рдпांрдиी рд▓िрд╣िрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдПрдХा рд╕ंрд╢ोрдзрдирдкрд░ рдиिрдмंрдзाрддрд╣ी рдпा рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдЪा рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдкूрд░्рд╡ीрдЪ्рдпा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдоाрд▓рдХांрдкेрдХ्рд╖ा рдЕрдзिрдХ рдЙрдд्рдХрд░्рд╖ рдЭाрд▓्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдПрдХुрдгाрдд рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдд рдЭाрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рд╕ाрдоाрдЬिрдХ рдЙрд▓рдеाрдкाрд▓рдеीрдЪी рдиोंрдж рдШेрдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓ी рдЖрд╣े. рд╕рдз्рдпा рдбेрд░ा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЧाрд╡ाрддीрд▓ реиреж,режрежреж рд▓ोрдХрд╕ंрдЦ्рдпेрдкрдХी рейреж рдЯрдХ्рдХे рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬे ренрежрежреж рд▓ोрдХ рдорд░ाрдаा рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рддрд░ рд╕ुрдИ рд╢рд╣рд░ाрдЪ्рдпा реореж,режрежреж рд▓ोрдХрд╕ंрдЦ्рдпेрдкрдХी рджрд╣ा рдЯрдХ्рдХे рд▓ोрдХрд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा- рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬे реорежрежреж рд▓ोрдХ рдорд░ाрдаा рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рд╕ुрдИ рдо्рдпुрдиिрд╕िрдкрд▓ рдХौрди्рд╕िрд▓рдЪे рд╡्рд╣ाрдЗрд╕ рдЪेрдЕрд░рдорди рд╡ рдбेрд░ा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдо्рдпुрдиिрд╕िрдкрд▓ рдХौрди्рд╕िрд▓рдЪे рд╡िрд░ोрдзी рдкрдХ्рд╖рдиेрддे рд╡ резрек рд╕рджрд╕्рдпांрдкрдХी рд╕ाрддрдЬрдг рд╣े рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рджрд╕्рдп рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рдЗрддрд░ рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЬрдоाрддींрдк्рд░рдоाрдгे рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдЪा рдЬिрд░्рдЧाрджेрдЦीрд▓ рдЖрд╣े. резрепремреж рдЪ्рдпा рджрд╢рдХाрдд рд╕िрд▓्рд╡िрдпा рдоॅрдеेрд╕рди рдпा рдм्рд░िрдЯिрд╢ рд▓ेрдЦिрдХेрдиे рд▓िрд╣िрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा ‘рдЯाрдпрдЧрд░्рд╕ рдСрдл рдмрд▓ुрдЪिрд╕्рддाрди’ рдпा рдкुрд╕्рддрдХाрдд рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдЪे рдЙрд▓्рд▓ेрдЦ рдЖрдврд│рддाрдд. рд▓ेрдЦिрдХेрдЪे рдкрддी рд╕ुрдИ рдкेрдЯ्рд░ोрд▓िрдпрдо рдХंрдкрдиीрдд рдиोрдХрд░ीрд▓ा рд╣ोрддे. рд▓ेрдЦिрдХेрдиे рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬрдЬीрд╡рдиाрдЪे рд╡ाрд╕्рддрд╡рджрд░्рд╢ी рд╡рд░्рдгрди рдпा рдкुрд╕्рддрдХाрдд рдХेрд▓े рдЖрд╣े. рдордЯ्рд░ा (‘рдорд░ाрдаा’ рд╢рдм्рджाрдЪा рдЗंрдЧ्рд░рдЬी рдЕрдкрдн्рд░ंрд╢) рд▓ोрдХ рд░ंрдЧाрдиे рдХाрд│ेрд╕ाрд╡рд│े, рд▓рд╣ाрди рдЙंрдЪीрдЪे рдЖрд╣ेрдд рдЖрдгि рдЗрддрд░ рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдкेрдХ्рд╖ा рд╡ांрд╢िрдХрджृрд╖्рдЯреЯा рднिрди्рди рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рдпा рд▓ेрдЦिрдХेрдЪ्рдпा рдо्рд╣рдгрдг्рдпाрдиुрд╕ाрд░, рдпा рдорд░ाрдаा рд▓ोрдХांрдиा резрел рд╡्рдпा рд╢рддрдХाрдд рд╣ुрдоाрдпूрди рдмाрджрд╢рд╣ाрд▓ा рдЬेрд╡्рд╣ा рдоीрд░ рдЪाрдХूрд░ рдЦाрди (рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╕рд░рджाрд░) рдпाрдиे рджिрд▓्рд▓ीрдЬрд╡рд│ीрд▓ рдпुрдж्рдзाрдд рдорджрдд рдХेрд▓ी рдд्рдпाрд╡ेрд│ेрд╕ рдмंрджी рдмрдирд╡ूрди рдЧुрд▓ाрдо рдо्рд╣рдгूрди рдпेрдеे рдЖрдгрдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓े. рдкрд░ंрддु рд╣े рд╕ाрдл рдЪुрдХीрдЪे рд╡ाрдЯрддे. рдХाрд░рдг резрел рд╡्рдпा рд╢рддрдХाрдд рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рди्рдп рдЙрдд्рддрд░ेрдд рдЧेрд▓े рд╣ोрддे рдпाрдмрдж्рджрд▓рдЪे рдХुрдард▓ेрд╣ी рд╕ंрджрд░्рдн рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рдиाрд╣ीрдд. рдпाрд╡्рдпрддिрд░िрдХ्рдд рдпा рдкुрд╕्рддрдХाрдд рдорд░ाрдаा рд╡ рдкрдаाрдг рдЧрдЯांрдордз्рдпे рдЭाрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рджंрдЧрд▓ीрдЪे, рддрд╕ेрдЪ рджोрди рдорд░ाрдаा рдкोрд╕्рдЯрдорди рд░ोрдЬ рд░ाрдд्рд░ी рд╕ुрдИ рддे рдбेрд░ा рдмुрдЧрд░्рдЯ рд╡ рдкुрди्рд╣ा рдкрд░рдд рдЕрд╕े ремреж рдХि. рдоी. рдЕंрддрд░ рдкाрдпी рдХрд╕े рдЪाрд▓рдд рдЬाрдд, рдЖрдгि рдПрдХा рдорд░ाрдаा рдЧुрд▓ाрдо рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддीрдиे рдПрдХा рдЕрд╡рдШрдб рдХрдбреЯाрд╡рд░ рдЪрдвूрди рдЬाрдКрди рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпा рдоाрд▓рдХाрдмрд░ोрдмрд░ рд▓ाрд╡рд▓ेрд▓ी рдкрдЬ рдХрд╢ी рдЬिंрдХрд▓ी рдЖрдгि рдд्рдпा рдмрджрд▓्рдпाрдд рд╕्рд╡рдд:рдЪी рдЧुрд▓ाрдордЧिрд░ीрддूрди рдХрд╢ी рд╕ुрдЯрдХा рдХрд░ूрди рдШेрддрд▓ी, рдпाрдЪे рд╡рд░्рдгрди рдХेрд▓ेрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.
резрепрепреж рдЪ्рдпा рджрд╢рдХाрдд рдЬेрд╡्рд╣ा िрд╣рджी рдЪिрдд्рд░рдкрдЯांрд╡рд░ рдкाрдХिрд╕्рддाрдиाрдд рдмंрджी рдирд╡्рд╣рддी, рдд्рдпाрд╡ेрд│ेрд╕ рдбेрд░ा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдпेрдеे ‘рддिрд░ंрдЧा’ рд╣ा рдЪिрдд्рд░рдкрдЯ рдПрдХा рдЪिрдд्рд░рдкрдЯрдЧृрд╣ाрдд рд▓ाрдЧрд▓ा рд╣ोрддा. рдд्рдпाрдд рдиाрдиा рдкाрдЯेрдХрд░ांрдиी рдПрдХा рдорд░ाрдаी рдкोрд▓ीрд╕ рдЗрди्рд╕्рдкेрдХ्рдЯрд░рдЪी рднूрдоिрдХा рдХेрд▓ी рд╣ोрддी. рдпा рдЪिрдд्рд░рдкрдЯाрдд рдЬेрд╡्рд╣ा рдиाрдиा рдкाрдЯेрдХрд░ ‘рдоैं рдорд░ाрдаा рд╣ूँ. рдФрд░ рдорд░ाрдаा рдоाрд░рддा рд╣ैं рдпा рдорд░рддा рд╣ैं’ рд╣ा рд╕ंрд╡ाрдж рдо्рд╣рдгрддाрдд, рдд्рдпाрд╡ेрд│ी рдЪिрдд्рд░рдкрдЯрдЧृрд╣ाрддीрд▓ рдпा рдорд░ाрдаा рдк्рд░ेрдХ्рд╖рдХांрдиी рд╣рд░्рд╖ांрдиे рд╢िрдЯ्рдЯреЯा рд╡ाрдЬрд╡рдд рдПрдХрдЪ рдЧोंрдзрд│ рдШाрддрд▓ा рд╣ोрддा. рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдпा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрд▓ा рд╕्рд╡рдд:рдЪ्рдпा рдорд░ाрдаीрдкрдгाрдЪा рдиिрд╢्рдЪिрддрдЪ рдЕрднिрдоाрди рдЖрд╣े рд╣े рджिрд╕ूрди рдпेрддे. рдмрд▒्рдпाрдЪ рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдорд░ाрдаा рдмांрдзрд╡ांрдиी ‘рдж рдЧ्рд░ेрдЯ рдорд░ाрдаा’ рд╣ी िрд╣рджी рд╕ीрд░िрдпрд▓ рдЗंрдЯрд░рдиेрдЯрд╡рд░ूрди рдбाрдКрдирд▓ोрдб рдХрд░ूрди рдмрдШिрддрд▓ी. рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рдХрд▓ाрдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ाрддрд╣ी рдпा рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдиे рдЙрдд्рдХृрд╖्рдЯ рдХाрдордЧिрд░ी рдмрдЬाрд╡рд▓ी рдЖрд╣े. ‘рдмेрдмी рдбॉрд▓’ рд╣े рдк्рд░рд╕िрдж्рдз िрд╣рджी рдЧीрдд рдЬ्рдпा рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рдЧाрдг्рдпाрд╡рд░ рдЖрдзाрд░िрдд рдЖрд╣े, рдд्рдпा рдЧाрдг्рдпाрдЪे рдЧाрдпрдХ рд╕рдм्рдЬ рдЕрд▓ी рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╣े рдорд░ाрдаाрдЪ рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рд╕рдм्рдЬ рдЕрд▓ी рдмुрдЧрдЯींрдЪे рдоूрд│ рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рдЧाрдгे рдпू-рдЯреЯूрдмрд╡рд░ рдРрдХрддा рдпेрдК рд╢рдХрддे. рдЬुрди्рдпा рдХाрд│ाрддीрд▓ рдк्рд░рд╕िрдж्рдз рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рдЧाрдгे ‘рд▓рд╡ाрдиी рд▓рд▓ा’ рд╣े рдЧीрдд рдЧाрдгाрд░े рдЬाрд╣рд░ो рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╣ेрджेрдЦीрд▓ рдорд░ाрдаाрдЪ рд╣ोрддे. рдбрдо्рдмुрд░ा рдпा рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рд╡ाрдж्рдпाрд╡рд░ рдмрд▒्рдпाрдЪ рдорд░ाрдаा рдХрд▓ाрдХाрд░ांрдЪी рдЪांрдЧрд▓ीрдЪ рд╣ुрдХूрдордд рдЖрд╣े. рдоाрдд्рд░ рдЖрдЬ рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬ рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдЬрдоाрддीрдордз्рдпे рдкूрд░्рдгрдкрдгे рдоिрд╕рд│ूрди рдЧेрд▓ा рдЖрд╣े.
рдордз्рдпंрддрд░ी рдмрд░ाрдЪ рдХाрд│ рд▓ोрдЯрд▓्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдд्рдпांрдиा рдорд░ाрдаी рднाрд╖ा, рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдкूрд░्рд╡рдЬांрдЪी рдиाрд╡े рдЖрдгि рдЗрдерд▓्рдпा рдоूрд│ рдЧाрд╡ाрдЪे рдиाрд╡ рдпाрдмрдж्рджрд▓ рдХाрд╣ीрдЪ рдЬ्рдЮाрдд рдиाрд╣ी. рдПрдХंрджрд░ीрдиे рдкाрдиिрдкрддाрд╡рд░ीрд▓ рдпुрдж्рдзाрдд рдЭाрд▓ेрд▓ी рд╣ाрдиी рд╣ी рдЖрдкрдг рд╕рдордЬрддो рдд्рдпाрдкेрдХ्рд╖ा рдиिрд╢्рдЪिрддрдЪ рдЦूрдк рдЕрдзिрдХ рд╣ोрддी. рдмрд╣ुрд╕ंрдЦ्рдп рдорд░ाрдаा рдпुрдж्рдзрдХैрджी рдЖрдгि рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рд╡ंрд╢рдЬांрдиा резреорел рд╡рд╖्рд░े рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдЧुрд▓ाрдордЧिрд░ीрдд рджिрд╡рд╕ рдХाрдвाрд╡े рд▓ाрдЧрд▓े. рдЖрдЬрд╡рд░рдЪ्рдпा рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдкिрдвреЯांрддीрд▓ рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдЪी рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा рд╣ी рдкाрдиिрдкрддाрдд рд╢рд╣ीрдж рдЭाрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдиिрдХांрдкेрдХ्рд╖ा рдХिрддीрддрд░ी рдкрдЯीрдиे рдЬाрд╕्рдд рд╣ोрдИрд▓. рдмुрдЧрдЯी рд╕рдоाрдЬाрд╡्рдпрддिрд░िрдХ्рдд рдЗрддрд░ рдмрд▓ुрдЪी рд╕рдоाрдЬाрддрд▓्рдпा (рд░्рдоी, рд░ाрдпрд╕ाрдиी рд╡рдЧрд░े) рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдЪी рдЖрдЬ рдХाрдп рд╕्рдеिрддी рдЖрд╣े, рдпाрдЪी рдиिрд╢्рдЪिрдд рдЕрд╢ी рдоाрд╣िрддी рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рдиाрд╣ी.
рдмрд▓ुрдЪिрд╕्рддाрдиाрдд рдЙрди्рд╣ाрд│्рдпाрдд рдкाрд░ा релрежреж рд╕े. рдЪ्рдпा рд╡рд░ рдЬाрддो. рдзुрд│ीрдЪी рдоोрдаी рд╡ाрджрд│ेрд╣ी рд╡ाрд░ंрд╡ाрд░ рд╣ोрдд рдЕрд╕рддाрдд. рдЕрд╢ा рдЦрдбрддрд░ рдк्рд░рджेрд╢ाрдордз्рдпे рдЯिрдХूрди рд░ाрд╣ूрди рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпा рдкुрдврдЪ्рдпा рдкिрдвреЯांрдЪी рдЙрдд्рддрдо рдХाрд│рдЬी рдШेрдгाрд▒्рдпा рдЖрдгि рдЕрдж्рдпाрдкрд╣ी рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпा рдорд░ाрдаीрдкрдгाрдЪा рд╕ाрд░्рде рдЕрднिрдоाрди рдмाрд│рдЧрдгाрд▒्рдпा рдпा рд╕рд╣реЯाрдж्рд░ीрдЪ्рдпा рдХрдгрдЦрд░ рдорд░ाрдаी рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдЪे рдХрд░ाрд╡े рддिрддрдХे рдХौрддुрдХ рдеोрдбेрдЪ рдЖрд╣े. рдЖрдЬрдЪी рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдорд░ाрдареЯांрдЪी рдкिрдвी рд╕ुрдЦाрдд рдЖрд╣े. рднाрд░рддाрддीрд▓ рдорд░ाрдаी рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдиे рдд्рдпांрдЪी рджрдЦрд▓ рдШ्рдпाрд╡ी рдЕрд╢ी рдд्рдпांрдЪी рдЕрдкेрдХ्рд╖ा рдЖрд╣े. рд╕рдз्рдпा рдмрд▓ुрдЪिрд╕्рддाрди рд╣ा рдк्рд░ांрдд рдкाрдХिрд╕्рддाрдиी рд▓рд╖्рдХрд░ाрдЪ्рдпा рдЕрдорд▓ाрдЦाрд▓ी рдЖрд╣े. рднाрд░рдд рд╡ рдкाрдХिрд╕्рддाрди рдпांрдЪ्рдпाрддीрд▓ рд╕ंрдмंрдзрд╣ी рд╕рдз्рдпा рддिрддрдХेрд╕े рдЪांрдЧрд▓े рдиाрд╣ीрдд. рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдорд░ाрдаा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрд╢ी рд╕ंрдмंрдз рдк्рд░рд╕्рддाрдкिрдд рдХрд░рдгे рддिрддрдХेрд╕े рд╕ोрдкे рдиाрд╣ी. рднाрд░рддाрддीрд▓ рдорд░ाрдаी рд╕рдоाрдЬ рдпा рдмुрдЧрдЯी рдмांрдзрд╡ांрдЪे рдиिрд╢्рдЪिрддрдЪ рджेрдгे рд▓ाрдЧрддो рдпाрдд рджुрдордд рдиाрд╣ी.
рдЬрд░ी рд╣ा рд╕рдоाрдЬ рд╕्рд╡рдд:рд▓ा ‘рдорд░ाрдаा’ рдо्рд╣рдгрд╡рдд рдЕрд╕рд▓ा рддрд░ी рддो рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрддीрд▓ рдХेрд╡рд│ ‘рдорд░ाрдаा’ рдпा рдЬाрддीрд╢ी рд╕ंрдмंрдзिрдд рдиाрд╣ी. рдХाрд░рдг рдкाрдиिрдкрддाрдд рдЕрдард░ाрдкрдЧрдб рдЬाрддीрдЪे рд╕рдиिрдХ рд╡ рд╕рд░рджाрд░ рд▓рдврд▓े рд╣ोрддे. рдорд░ाрдаीрдЬрди рд╡ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рдпांрдиा рдпा рд╕рдоाрдЬाрдмрдж्рджрд▓ рдоाрд╣िрддी рдоिрд│ाрд╡ी, рдпा рд╣ेрддूрдиे рдХेрд▓ेрд▓ा рд╣ा рд▓ेрдЦрдк्рд░рдкंрдЪ. рднрд╡िрд╖्рдпाрдд рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпाрдкाрд╕ूрди рджुрд░ाрд╡рд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдпा рдорд░ाрдаीрдЬрдиांрд╕ाрдаी рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпाрд▓ा рдеोрдбेрдмрд╣ुрдд рдХाрд╣ीрддрд░ी рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрдЪी рдЗрдЪ्рдЫा рд╡्рд╣ाрд╡ी, рд╣ीрдЪ рдд्рдпाрдоाрдЧрдЪी рдЕрдкेрдХ्рд╖ा.
рд╣िंрджुрдд्рд╡ рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬे рдХाрдп? - рдкूрд░्рдг рдкुрд╕्рддрдХ
рддाрдЬрдорд╣ाрд▓ : рдж рдЯ्рд░ू рд╕्рдЯोрд░ी’ (рд╢िрд╡ाрдЪे рдПрдХ рдк्рд░ाрдЪीрди рдоंрджिрд░ ).. Please read it
рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪा рд╢ाрд│ेрддрд▓ा рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕ рдкुрди्рд╣ा рд╡ाрдЪा
рдЖрддंрдХрд╡ाрджी рдЖрдпрд╕िрд╕рдЪे рднрд╡िрд╖्рдп рдЖрдзीрдЪ рд╕ांрдЧिрддрд▓े рд╣ोрддे рд╣्рдпा рдЖंрдзрд│्рдпा рдЬ्рдпोрддिрд╖ी рдмाрдИрдиे
рдорд░ाрдаी рдЕрднिрдиेрдд्рд░ींрдЪे рдлोрдЯो
Shivaji Maharaj Family Tree
рд▓рд╣ाрдирдоुрд▓ांрдЪी рдмрдбрдмрдбрдЧीрддे рдЗрдеे рдоिрд│рддीрд▓
Marathi baamnya no, Shivaji maharajanchya ni marathyancha navavar, Bhakrivar kiti divas POAT BHARNAAR? рднूрд╖рдг рд╣ा рдк्рд░рдЦ्рдпाрдд рд╣िंрджी (рдм्рд░рдЬ рднाрд╖ेрдордзिрд▓)рдХрд╡ि.рдд्рдпाрдиे рддрд░ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪ्рдпा рдоोрд╣िрдоा рдк्рд░рдд्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рдкाрд╣िрд▓्рдпा рдЖрд╣ेрдд.
ReplyDeleteрд╢िрд╡рднुрд╖рдг рдЕрди рд╢िрд╡ाрдмाрд╡рдиी рдЕрд╢ी рджोрди рдЕрддिрд╢рдп рд╕ुंрджрд░ рдм्рд░рдЬ рднाрд╖ेрддिрд▓ рдХाрд╡्рдпे рдд्рдпाрдиे рд░рдЪрд▓ी рдЖрд╣ेрдд.рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬांрдЪ्рдпा резрек рдЧुрдгांрдЪे рд╡рд░्рдгрди рдд्рдпाрдиे рдПрдХा рдЫंрджाрдордз्рдпे рдХेрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.......!Kavi bhushan yancha tyane assa ullekh ka kela?
рд╕ांрдЧ рдЬрдЧाрд▓ा рдУрд░рдбुрди
ReplyDeleteрдоी рдоाрд╡рд│ा рдЖрд╣े рд╢िрд╡рдмाрдЪा…
рдоाрдп рдорд░ाрдаीрдЪा рд▓ेрдХ рдоी
рдЖрд╢ीрд░्рд╡ाрдж рдоां рдЬिрдЬाрдКрдЪा
рдЕрднिрдоाрди рдорд▓ा рднрдЧрд╡्рдпाрдЪा
рдЧрд░्рд╡ рдЖрд╣े рдорд░ाрдаा рдЬाрддीрдЪा
рд╕ांрдЧ рдЬрдЧाрд▓ा рдУрд░рдбुрди …..
рднीрддी рди рдХुрдгा рд╢ैрддाрдиाрдЪी
рд╢िрд╡рдмा рдкाрдаीрд╢ी рдЖрд╣े рдЙрднा
рдкाрдаीрд╡рд░ी рд╡ाрд░ рдХाрдп рдХрд░рддा
рдЬीрд╡ा рд╕рдоोрд░ी рдЖрд╣े рдЙрднा
рд╕ांрдЧ рдЬрдЧाрд▓ा рдУрд░рдбुрди…….
рдЙрдарддीрд▓ рдЬे рд╣ाрдд рд╢िрд╡рд░ाрдпांрдХрдбे
рд╡рд░рдЪ्рдпा рд╡рд░ рдЙрдбрд╡ूрди рджेрдК
рдк्рд░ाрдг рдЧेрд▓ा рддрд░ी рдЪाрд▓ेрд▓
рдкुрди्рд╣ा рдЬрди्рдо рд░ाрдЬेрд╕ाрдаी рдШेрдК
рд╕ांрдЧ рдЬрдЧाрд▓ा рдУрд░рдбुрди…….
Many photos are not original,but recent drawings taken from internet,specially first 2 photos.
ReplyDeleteMany photos are not original,but recent drawings taken from internet,specially first 2 photos.
ReplyDeleteReally loved this post. It was nice to read this post with interesting and useful information. Many thanks for sharing it.
ReplyDeleteRegards,
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